ஹரப்பா மக்களின் நம்பிக்கைகள் குறித்து நீங்கள் அறிந்தது என்ன?
Answers
The Harappan Civilisation has its earliest roots in cultures such as that of Mehrgarh, approximately 6000 BC. The two greatest cities, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, emerged circa 2600 BC along the Indus River valley in Punjab and Sindh. The civilisation, with a possible writing system, urban centers, and diversified social and economic system, was rediscovered in the 1920s also after excavations at Mohenjo-daro in Sindh near Larkana, and Harappa, in west Punjab south of Lahore. A number of other sites stretching from the Himalayan foothills in east Punjab, India in the north, to Gujarat in the south and east, and to Pakistani Balochistan in the west have also been discovered and studied. Although the archaeological site at Harappa was damaged in 1857 when engineers constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad used brick from the Harappa ruins for track ballast, an abundance of artifacts have nevertheless been found. The bricks discovered were made of red sand, clay, stones and were baked at very high temperature. As early as 1826 Harappa, located in west Punjab, attracted the attention of Daya Ram Sahni, who gets credit for preliminary excavations of Harappa. Because of the reducing sea-levels certain regions in late Harappan period were abandoned. Towards the end Harappan civilization lost features such as writing and hydraulic engineering. As a result the ganges valley settlement gained prominence and ganges cities developed.
The Indus Valley civilisation was mainly an urban culture sustained by surplus agricultural production and commerce, the latter including trade with Sumer in southern Mesopotamia. Both Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa are generally characterized as having "differentiated living quarters, flat-roofed brick houses, and fortified administrative or religious centers."[11] Although such similarities have given rise to arguments for the existence of a standardized system of urban layout and planning, the similarities are largely due to the presence of a semi-orthogonal type of civic layout, and a comparison of the layouts of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa shows that they are in fact, arranged in a quite dissimilar fashion.
The weights and measures of the Indus Valley Civilisation, on the other hand, were highly standardized, and conform to a set scale of gradations. Distinctive seals were used, among other applications, perhaps for identification of property and shipment of goods. Although copper and bronze were in use, iron was not yet employed. "Cotton was woven and dyed for clothing; wheat, rice, and a variety of vegetables and fruits were cultivated; and a number of animals, including the humped bull, were domesticated," as well as "fowl for fighting". Wheel-made pottery—some of it adorned with animal and geometric motifs—has been found in profusion at all the major Indus sites. A centralized administration for each city, though not the whole civilisation, has been inferred from the revealed cultural uniformity; however, it remains uncertain whether authority lay with a commercial oligarchy. Harappans had many trade routes along the Indus River that went as far as the Persian Gulf, Mesopotamia, and Egypt. Some of the most valuable things traded were carnelian and lapis lazuli.
ஹரப்பா மக்களின் நம்பிக்கைகள்
- சிந்து நாகரிக மக்கள் இயற்கையினை வழிபட்டனர்.
- வழிபாட்டிற்கு உரிய மரமாக அரச மரங்கள் கருதப்பட்டன.
- தாய் தெய்வத்தினை போன்ற சில சுடுமண் உருவங்களும் ஹரப்பா நாகரிக பகுதிகளில் கண்டெடுக்கப்பட்டன.
- மேலும் ஹரப்பா நாகரிக பகுதிகளின் காலிபங்கனில் வேள்வி பீடங்கள் அடையாளம் காணப்பட்டு உள்ளன.
- ஹரப்பா நாகரிக மக்கள் இறந்தோரை புதைக்கும் வழக்கத்தினை கொண்டு இருந்தனர்.
- புதைப்பதற்கான நடைமுறைகளும் விரிவாக உள்ளன.
- இங்கே இறந்த உடல்களை எரித்ததற்கான சான்றுகளும் உள்ளன.
- ஹரப்பா புதை குழிகளில் கிடைத்துள்ள மட்பாண்டங்கள், அணிகலன்கள், தாமிரக் கண்ணாடி, மணிகள் முதலியன இறப்பிற்கு பிறகான வாழ்க்கை பற்றிய அவர்களின் நம்பிக்கையாக இருக்கலாம் என கருதப்படுகிறது.