মডেল অ্যাক্টিভিটি টাধ
ভৌতবিজ্ঞান
নবম শ্রেণি
বচের প্রশ্নগুলির উত্তর লেখাে :
১. ডাইন ও নিউটনের মধ্যে সম্পর্কটি প্রতিষ্ঠা করাে।
একটি নিস্তড়িৎ পরমাণুর K কক্ষে 2টি, L কক্ষে ৪টি ও M কক্ষে ৩টি ইলেকট্রন আছে। মৌলটির পরমাণু ক্রমাঙ্ক কত?
মৌলের পরমাণুটির M কক্ষের ইলেকট্রন দুটি সরিয়ে নিলে যে আয়ন তৈরি হবে তার সংকেত লেখাে।
একটি মাপনী চোঙের সাহায্যে কীভাবে তুমি এক ফোটা জলের আপাত আয়তন নির্ণয় করবে ?
রাদারফোর্ডের পরমাণু মডেলের ত্রুটিগুলি লেখাে।
একটি খেলনা গাড়ি 20 cm/s বেগে চলছিল। মিটার দূরত্ব যাবার পরে ওই গাড়ির বেগ দাঁড়ালাে 50 cm/s। গাড়ির
ত্বরণ নির্ণয় করাে।
S,
Answers
No longer is asthma considered a condition with isolated, acute episodes of bronchospasm. Rather, asthma is now understood to be a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways—that is, inflammation makes the airways chronically sensitive. When these hyper-responsive airways are irritated, airflow is limited, and attacks of coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and breathing difficulty occur.
Asthma involves complex interactions among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the cells and tissues in the airways. The interactions result in airflow limitation from acute broncho-constriction, swelling of the airway wall, increased mucus secretion, and airway remodeling. The inflammation also causes an increase in airway responsiveness. During an asthma attack, the patient attempts to compensate by breathing at a higher lung volume in order to keep the air flowing through the constricted airways, and the greater the airway limitation, the higher the lung volume must be to keep airways open. The morphologic changes that occur in asthma include bronchial infiltration by inflammatory cells. Key effector cells in the inflammatory response are the mast cells, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Mast cells and eosinophils are also significant participants in allergic responses, hence the similarities between allergic reactions and asthma attacks. Other changes include mucus plugging of the airways, interstitial edema, and microvascular leakage. Destruction of bronchial epithelium and thickening of the subbasement membrane is also characteristic. In addition, there may be hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle, increase in goblet cell number, and enlargement of sub-mucous glands.
Although causes of the initial tendency toward inflammation in the airways of patients with asthma are not yet certain, to date the strongest identified risk factor is atopy. This inherited familial tendency to have allergic reactions includes increased sensitivity to allergens that are risk factors for developing asthma. Some of these allergens include domestic dust mites, animals with fur, cockroaches, pollens, and molds. Additionally, asthma may be triggered by viral respiratory infections, especially in children. By avoiding these allergens and triggers, a person with asthma lowers his or her risk of irritating sensitive airways. A few avoidance techniques include: keeping the home clean and well ventilated, using an air conditioner in the summer months when pollen and mold counts are high, and getting an annual influenza vaccination. Of course, asthma sufferers should avoid tobacco smoke altogether. Cigar, cigarette, or pipe smoke is a trigger whether the patient smokes or inhales the smoke from others. Smoke increases the risk of allergic sensitization in children, increases the severity of symptoms, and may be fatal in children who already have asthma. Many of the risk factors for developing asthma may also provoke asthma attacks, and people with asthma may have one or more triggers, which vary from individual to individual. The risk can be further reduced by taking medications that decrease airway inflammation. Most exacerbations can be prevented by the combination of avoiding triggers and taking anti-inflammatory medications. An exception is physical activity, which is a common trigger of exacerbations in asthma patients. However, asthma patients should not necessarily avoid all physical exertion, because some types of activity have been proven to reduce symptoms. Rather, they should work in conjunction with a doctor to design a proper training regimen, which includes the use of medication.
In order to diagnose asthma, a healthcare professional must appreciate the underlying disorder that leads to asthma symptoms and understand how to recognize the condition through information gathered from the patient's history, physical examination, measurements of lung function, and allergic status.
Because asthma symptoms vary throughout the day, the respiratory system may appear normal during physical examination. Clinical signs are more likely to be present when a patient is experiencing symptoms; however, the absence of symptoms upon examination does not exclude the diagnosis of asthma.
Questions
1. According to the passage what was asthma regarding as in the past?
2. What bodily changes during an asthma attack take place according to the passage?
3. Why might a patient with asthma have an apparently normal respiratory system during an examination by a doctor?
4. What is the reason given in this article for why passive smoke should be avoided by children?