ধাপ চাষ এবং ফালি চাষ কেন করা হয়
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Answer:
ExplanatiFor other uses, see Terrace (disambiguation).
Rice terraces, Bedugul, Bali.
File:Rice-Terrace.theora.ogv
Rice terrace in Indonesia
Rice terraces in Vietnam, nearby Khau Phạ Pass, Mù Cang Chải District
Diagram showing Inca terrace engineering for agriculture.
In agriculture, a terrace is a piece of sloped plane that has been cut into a series of successively receding flat surfaces or platforms, which resemble steps, for the purposes of more effective farming. This type of landscaping is therefore called terracing. Graduated terrace steps are commonly used to farm on hilly or mountainous terrain. Terraced fields decrease both erosion and surface runoff, and may be used to support growing crops that require irrigation, such as rice. The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras have been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of the significance of this technique.[1]
Uses[edit]
Terraced paddy fields are used widely in rice, wheat and barley farming in east, south, and southeast Asia, as well as the Mediterranean Basin, Africa, and South America. Drier-climate terrace farming is common throughout the Mediterranean Basin, where they are used for vineyards, olive trees, cork oak, and other crops.
Ancient history[edit]
Terracing is also used for sloping terrain; the Hanging Gardens of Babylon may have been built on an artificial mountain with stepped terraces, such as those on a ziggurat.[citation needed] At the seaside Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum, the villa gardens of Julius Caesar's father-in-law were designed in terraces to give pleasant and varied views of the Bay of Naples.
Intensive terrace farming is believed to have been practiced before the early 15th century AD in West Africa.[2][3] Terraces were used by many groups, notably the Mafa,[4] Ngas, Gwoza,[5] and the Dogon.[6]
Recent history[edit]
It was long held that steep mountain landscapes are not conducive to, or do not even permit, agricultural mechanization. In the 1970s in the European Alps, pasture farms began mechanizing the management of alpine pastures and harvesting of forage grasses through use of single axle two-wheel tractors (2WTs) and very low center of gravity articulated steering 4-wheel tractors. Their designs by various European manufacturers were initially quite simple but effective, allowing them to cross slopes approaching 20%. In the 2000s new designs of wheels and tires, tracks, etc, and incorporation of electronics for better and safer control, allowed these machines to operate on slopes greater than 20% with various implements such as reaper-harvesters, rakes, balers, and transport trailers.
In Asian sub-tropical countries, a similar process has begun with the introduction of smaller, lower-tech and much lower-priced 2WTs in the 4-9 horsepower range that can be safely operated in the small, narrow terraces, and are light enough to be lifted and lowered from one terrace to the next. What is different from the Alpine use is that these 2WTs are being used for tillage and crop establishment of maize, wheat, and potato crops, and with their small 60-70cm-wide rotovators and special cage wheels are puddling the terraces for transplanted and broadcast rice. Farmers are also using the engines as stationary power sources for powering water pumps and threshers. Even more recently farmers are experimenting with use of small reaper-harvester attachments. In Nepal, the low costs of these mostly Chinese-made machines and the increased productivity they produce[7] have meant that this scale-appropriate machinery is spreading across Nepal's Himalaya Mountains and likely into the other countries of the Himalaya and Hindu Kush.
lled a "lynch" (lynchet). An example of an ancient Lynch Mill is in Lyme Regis. The water is directed from a river by a duct along a terrace. This set-up was used in steep hilly areas in the UK.[11]
Japan[edit]
In Japan, some of the 100 Selected Terraced Rice Fields (in Japanese: 日本の棚田百選一覧), from Iwate in the north to Kagoshima in the south, are slowly disappearing, but volunteers are helping the farmers both to maintain their traditional methods and for sightseeing purposes.[12]on:
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Explanation:
ফালি চাষ - যখন সমোন্নতি রেখার সমান্তরালে চাষ না করে জমিতে আড়াআড়ি ভাবে ফালি তৈরি করা হয় তখন সেই ব্যবস্থা কে ফালি চাষ বলা হয়। এ ধরনের আড়াআড়ি ফালি পাহাড়ি ঢাল এ ফালি চাষের জমির মধ্যে জলপ্রবাহের নির্দিষ্ট পথ রূপে ব্যাবহৃত হয়। এই ফালি গুলিতে স্থায়ী ঘাস এর চাপড়া লাগানো থাকে। এই ধরনের সুনির্দিষ্ট পথ ধরে জল নিম্ন ঢালের দিকে প্রবাহিত হলে পার্বত্য ঢালে খাত সৃষ্টি হতে পারে না , তাই এই উপায়ে মাটিকে সংরক্ষণ করা হয়।
ধাপ চাষ - ঢালু জমিতে বিভিন্ন প্রকার ধাপ গঠন করলে ঢালের gradient বা কৌণিক মান কার্যকরী দৈর্ঘ্য হ্রাস পায় ।বেঞ্চ ধাপ তৈরি করা হয় যেখানে জলের প্রবাহকে প্রায় পুরোপুরি নিয়ন্ত্রণ করা সম্ভব হয় । জমিতে বড় বড় যন্ত্রের ব্যাবহার ও পুরো জমিকে চাষের জন্য কাজে লাগাতে কৃষকেরা সাধারণত প্রশস্ত ভিতের ধাপ গঠন করে। এই ধরনের ধাপ যুক্ত জমিকে সঠিকভাবে রক্ষণাবেক্ষণ করলে মাটি প্রায় ক্ষয় ই হই না। ধপগুলিতে জলের প্রবাহকে পরিচালিত করতে কিছু খাত কাটা হয়। ওইসব খাতে স্থায়ী ঘাস লাগানো থাকে এবং ওইসব জলপথ দিয়ে জল নিম্ন ঢালের দিকে প্রবাহিত হয়। এইভাবে কৃষি জমির মাটির ক্ষয় রোধ করা সম্ভব হয়েছে।