Question

1.1 Principle of the x-ray diffraction crystallography.
1.2 Instrumentation of powdered X-ray diffractometer.​

Answer 1

Answer:

11.X-ray Crystallography. ... The underlying principle is that the crystalline atoms cause a beam of X-rays to diffract into many specific directions (Fig. 2.10). By measuring the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, a crystallographer can produce a 3D picture of the density of electrons within the crystal.

12.Instrumentation. A powder X-ray diffractometer consists of an X-ray source (usually an X-ray tube), a sample stage, a detector and a way to vary angle θ. ... The incident angle is than increased over time while the detector angle always remains 2θ above the source path.