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2- What is subsistence crisis?
3- Maintion any four factors responsible for subsistence crisis in France?
4-What was the course of the subsistence crisis in France under the Old Regime?
5- Which social group emerged in France in the 18th century?
6- Define the term ‘Middle Class’.
7- What was the source of income of the middle class?
8- List the name of any three philosophers who inspired the Revolution?
9- Write the name of books written by John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau?
10- What was proposed by Montesquieu in the Spirit of Laws?
11- Discuss the role of the Middle Class in the French Revolution?
Answers
Answer:
2.) A subsistence crisis is a crisis caused by economic factors (generally high food prices), which in turn may be caused by either natural or man-made factors,which threatens the food supplies and the survival prospects of large numbers of people.Subsistence crisis can be defined as an extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are endangered. In France, due to the rapid expansion of the population from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789, a subsistence crisis occurred.
3.) The reasons that led to subsistence crisis are :
1.the population of France rose which led increase in demand for food grains but the production of grains could not keep pace with the increasing demand so the price of the grains increased.
2. Most workers were employed as labourers on fixed wages .Their wages could not keep pace with the rise in prices.
3.Gap between the poor and the rich widened . Poor remained poor but the rich become richer.
4. The crisis of food grains became worse when ever drought or hails reduced the harvest.
4.) During the Old Regime, subsistence crisis frequently occurred in France. The reasons that led to subsistence crisis are (i) The population of France rose from about 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789 which led to a rapid increase in the demand for food grains.
5.) The 18th century France led to the emergence of a new social groups called middle class as well as lawyers and administrative officials. Jacobian club emerged as the social group in France in 18th century.
6.) The term middle class refers to people who belong to people who belong to the average salaried persons.
7.) Trading, jobs, etc.
8.) John Locke, Voltaire, Montesquieu, etc.
9.) John Locke wrote the book 'Two Treatises of Government'. Where Jean Jacques Rousseau pened 'The Social Contract
10.) In The Spirit of the laws, Montesquieu proposed the "theory of separation of powers". He advised that the division of powers is must in between the 'legislative', the 'executive', and the 'judiciary system' in France.
11.) Merit should be the base of the social position of a person. The middle class gave a platform to the people who were fighting against the increasing taxes and food shortage. They were encouraged by the beliefs of equality and democracy proposed by English and French socio-political philosophers.