Question

1. Briefly explain the ERP based Computer Application in 'Accounts Payable System'.​

Answer 1

Explanation:

Accounts payable and Accounts receivable modules are two important execution modules under finance segment of an ERP system. Financial relationship with vendors who are providing input to the organization in the form of goods and services are maintained in Accounts Payable (AP) module. On the flip side, the financial connection with customers who use output of the organization, are dealt through Accounts receivable (AR) module. Both these modules maintain personal accounts either of debtors or creditors and maintain various sub ledgers such as control account, currency fluctuation accounts etc. as an integral part of General Ledger (GL).

Accounts Payable Module (AP) - This module provides the functionality to enter, monitor, maintain and process for payment of invoices and credit notes, that the organization received from its vendors. The key functionality of this module is as follows:

Immediate registration of incoming invoices

Tracking & Authorization of incoming invoices

Entry of order-based and sundry invoices

Automatic matching of invoices with receipts

Separate procedure for approval of invoices that exceeded the user tolerances

Self-Billing Invoices this is suitable for JIT environment where receipt of goods automatically generates approved invoices in the system which is paid through remittances and supplier need not send any invoice.

Accounts Classification for reconciliation

Master data set up of AP: The initial set up of AP module is critical for its proper functioning, where following parameters are needed to be defined:

Blocking codes for blocking an invoice, Aging analysis periods for outstanding invoices of vendors, tolerated price difference limit for approving invoices (by users and vendors), whether matching with receipt is manual or automatic.

Linking ACP with GL through a schedule of Chart of accounts to which various transactions originating from AP are posted. Some of these accounts are I) control accounts ii) anticipated payment iii) invoice accrual IV) price difference and v) payment difference.

Automatic Matching of Invoices: This is an important functionality of AP module, through which invoices from vendors are automatically matched with purchase orders and receipt. A typical flow chart for automatic matching is as follows:

Automatic Matching of Invoices

Accounts Receivable Module (AR) - This module helps in tracking all the invoices that is awaiting payment from customers. The key functionalities of ACR are:

Accounts classification for reconciliation & Control.

On-line credit management.

Reminder letters with varying degrees of severity.

Aging Analysis reports for review.

Interest for late payments.

Customer statements.

ACR Master Data set up

Defining chart of accounts for linking to GL such as i) control account ii) discount account iii) advance receipts iv) unallocated receipts.

Terms of Payment parameters such as I) credit period ii) cash discount iii) payment days iv) tolerance for discount.

Free definable problem types to exclude invoices from reminding and direct debits

Flexible periods for aging analysis

Currency / Payment Differences

Default Data - for Tax Calculation level.

Credit Control: An important feature of this module is to monitor invoices overdue for payment and generate reminder letters for sending to customers. In case the invoice is still not paid, increasingly urgent reminders are generated in the system subsequently at a predefined interval. The system also maintains a credit diary, which contains details of all unpaid invoices whether due for payment or not.

This functionality also helps in generating aging analysis report of which a sample is given below:

Invoice Date Problem Code Problem Reference 0-30 days 31-60 days 61-90 days

Sept6 96000005 09/21/2010 WPR Wrong Price Cindy $ 500.00

July 99700043 08/23/2010 CRN Waiting Credit Note Ray $ 350.72

MAR 52000004 07/03/2010 GRN Goods Returned Michelle

Answer 2

Answer:

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is the integrated management of main business processes, often in real time and mediated by software and technology.

ERP is usually referred to as a category of business management software—typically a suite of integrated applications—that an organization can use to collect, store, manage, and interpret data from many business activities.

ERP provides an integrated and continuously updated view of core business processes using common databases maintained by a database management system. ERP systems track business resources—cash, raw materials, production capacity—and the status of business commitments: orders, purchase orders, and payroll. The applications that make up the system share data across various departments (manufacturing, purchasing, sales, accounting, etc.) that provide the data.[1] ERP facilitates information flow between all business functions and manages connections to outside stakeholders.[2]

Enterprise system software is a multibillion-dollar industry that produces components supporting a variety of business functions. IT investments have, as of 2011, become one of the largest categories of capital expenditure in United States-based businesses. Though early ERP systems focused on large enterprises, smaller enterprises increasingly use ERP systems.[3]

The ERP system integrates varied organizational systems and facilitates error-free transactions and production, thereby enhancing the organization's efficiency. However, developing an ERP system differs from traditional system development.[4] ERP systems run on a variety of computer hardware and network configurations, typically using a database as an information repository.[5]