Question

(1)Define properties of covalent bond.
(2) Difference between polar covalent compounds and non-polar covalent compounds with example.
(3)How does hydronium ion form and draw the dot structure of hydronium ion?
(4)Define formation of hydroxyl ion.
(5)Explain and draw the dot structure of amonium ion.
(6)How does amonium chloride form?

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Answer 1

Answer:

1) Covalent compounds have bonds where electrons are shared between atoms. Due to the sharing of electrons, they exhibit characteristic physical properties that include lower melting points and electrical conductivity compared to ionic compounds.

Answer 2

Answer:

1)Covalent compounds have bonds where electrons are shared between atoms. Due to the sharing of electrons, they exhibit characteristic physical properties that include lower melting points and electrical conductivity compared to ionic compounds.

2)There are two types of covalent bonds. Chemical bonds exists as polar covalent bonds and nonpolar covalent bonds.

Difference between Polar and Nonpolar:-

POLAR NONPOLAR

Charge separation No charge separation

Dipole moment No dipole moment

Example: Water Example: Oil

3)Let's do the Lewis structure for H3O+, the hydronium ion. On the periodic table, Hydrogen's in group 1, 1 valence electron; but we have 3 Hydrogens. Let's put some valence electrons around the atoms. Start by forming chemical bonds: 2, 4, 6.

4)Hydroxide is a diatomic anion with chemical formula OH−. It consists of an oxygen and hydrogen atom held together by a single covalent bond, and carries a negative electric charge. The hydroxide ion forms salts, some of which dissociate in aqueous solution, liberating solvated hydroxide ions.

5)Ammonium ion consists of nitrogen and hydrogen atoms. It has one nitrogen atom and 4 hydrogen atoms.Nitrogen has five valence electrons. Out of which 3 electrons of nitrogen form a covalent bond with hydrogen, with sharing of one electron of nitrogen and one electron of hydrogen.

6)Ammonium chloride is prepared commercially by combining ammonia (NH^3) with either hydrogen chloride (gas) or hydrochloric acid (water solution): NH^3 + HCl → NH4Cl. Ammonium chloride occurs naturally in volcanic regions, forming on volcanic rocks near fume-releasing vents (fumaroles).

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