1. Describe the circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolutionary protest
in France.
2. Which groups of French society benefited from the revolution? Which
groups were forced to relinquish power? Which sections of society would
have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolution?
3. Describe the legacy of the French Revolution for the peoples of the world
during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
4. Draw up a list of democratic rights we enjoy today whose origins could be
traced to the French Revolution.
5. Would you agree with the view that the message of universal rights was
beset with contradictions? Explain.
6. How would you explain the rise of Napoleon?
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Answers
Answer:
1.) The circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolutionary protest in France were:
Social Inequality: French society in the eighteenth century was divided into three estates namely The Clergy, The nobility and third estates which comprise peasants, officials and small business. It was only third estates that pay taxes. Clergy and nobility were exempt from taxes.
Subsistence Crisis: The population of France also increased from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789. Food grains were now in great demand. Price of bread shot up. Wages did not keep pace with rising prices. This led to subsistence crisis.
Economic Problems: Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France. France had a debt of more than 2 billion livres. To meet its regular expenses, such as the cost of maintaining an army, the court, running government offices or universities, the state was forced to increase taxes.
Strong Middle Class: The middle class emerged educated and wealthy during the eighteenth century. They believed that no group in society should be given privileges by birth. Ideas of equality and freedom were put forward by philosophers. The ideas of these philosophers were discussed intensively in salons and coffee houses and spread among people.
Immediate Causes: On 5 may, 1789, Louis XVI called together an assembly of Estates General to pass proposals for new taxes. Third estates protested against this proposal but as each estate have one vote, the king rejected this appeal. They walked out of the assembly.
2.) The Third Estate and commoners were benefitted from the French Revolution. The clergy and nobility were forced to relinquish power as they enjoyed many privileges. Feudal Lords,Women,Nobles and Clergy were the sections of society who would have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolution.
3.) The legacy of the French Revolution for the peoples of the world during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was as follows - Ideas of equality and democratic spread from France to other European countries and feudalism was abolished.
4.) Equality, liberty and fraternity who are the basic principles of the declaration of the rights of man and citizen declared by the French National assembly on 27 August 1789. The following are the democratic rights that we enjoy today which came into existence due to French Revolution.
5.) The message of universal rights was beset with contradictions. Many ideals in the "Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen" were not clear In their meanings, e.g., (i) "The law has the right to forbid only actions injurious to society" did not mention about criminal offences against other individuals.
6.) Napoleon's rise to power can be explained through his military exploits. Napoleon also defeated the British army in Egypt at the Battle of the Pyramids. In 1799, he was part of a group that overthrew the French Directory. Napoleon's status as a commoner and war hero made him popular with the French masses.
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