Question

1-Describe the processes of complex protein synthesis.
2-Write a short note on vitamins.​

Answer 1

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1. Ribosomal protein synthesis is one of the most fundamental and evolutionarily conserved processes in every cell. Recently obtained high-resolution crystal structures of the ribosome have provided valuable insights into the functioning of this molecular machine consisting of both RNA and proteins. Only thereby has it become fully accepted that ribosomal peptide bond formation is catalyzed by RNA alone, that is, that the ribosome is a ribozyme. At the same time, the precise roles of many accessory protein factors have been revealed by a combination of functional and structural studies. Thus, we now begin to understand how ribosomal protein synthesis is coordinated to achieve both high rates and high accuracy. This chapter focuses on the general aspects of ribosome function. In particular, the new ribosome structures, the accuracy of amino acid incorporation, the ribosomal catalysis of both peptide bond formation and peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis, and the large-scale conformational changes occurring during translocation are discussed. These steps are placed into the context of all stages in ribosomal protein synthesis. Lastly, recent progress is presented to engineer new types of peptides by manipulating the ribosome to incorporate non-natural amino acids.
2. Vitamins are nutrients your body needs to develop and function properly. There are 13 essential vitamins: A, D, E, and K, which are fat-soluble, and vitamins C and the B-complex group, which are water-soluble. Each vitamin has a distinct role in keeping you healthy.

Answer 2

Answer:

1. Protein synthesis in mitochondria follows the same basic steps seen in bacterial and eukaryotic cytoplasmic translational systems. The process is divided into four major stages – initiation, elongation, termination and ribosome recycling.

2.Vitamins are nutrients your body needs to develop and function properly. There are 13 essential vitamins: A, D, E, and K, which are fat-soluble, and vitamins C and the B-complex group, which are water-soluble. Each vitamin has a distinct role in keeping you healthy.

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