Question

1]. Difference between soap, detergent and scum ?
__________

2]. Define the following :-

a). Catenation
b). Tetravaldncy​

Answer 1

★ Soap :

• ➮ A Soap is the sodium or potassium salt of long chain of fatty acids, which has the cleansing properties.

• ➮ Soap are made by saponification process. It has two ends, one is hydrophilic and other is hydrophobic.

• ➮ When soap is dissolved in water, micelle formation takes place.

• ➮ The hydrophobic end attach itself to dirt particle and remove it from the cloth.

★ Detergent :

• ➣ A detergent is the sodium salt of long chain benzene sulphonic acid.

★ Scum :

• ➲ The magnesium and calciumcalcium salts present in hard water reacts with soap molecule to form insoluble products called scum.

• ➲ This obstructs the cleansing action.

• ➲ Use of detergents overcome this problem as the detergent molecule prevents the formation of insoluble product and thus clothes get cleaned.

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⌬ Catenation :

• ↠ Catenation is the property of carbon atom to form covalent bonds with other atoms of carbon.

⌬ Tetravalency :

• » Carbon requires 4 electrons to form tetravalent. It is because it has a valency of 4.

• » As a result, carbon atom is capable of bonding with atoms of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine and other elements.

• » The smaller size of carbon atom enables nucleus to hold the shared pair of electrons strongly, thus carbon compounds are very stable in general.

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Answer 2

Explanation:

Catenation, chemical linkage into chains of atoms of the same element, occurring only among the atoms of an element that has a valence of at least two and that forms relatively strong bonds with itself