1. Electroplating is better than using an expensive metal.???
2. Electrolysis may one day solve our energy problems.??
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Answer:
1.)While both are lauded in the jewelry industry for their beautiful appearances, there’s more to palladium and gold than their looks — they are extremely useful metals for a variety of plating applications. Lustrous gold is as useful as it is glamorous, and it is one of the common metals of the electronics industry. Silvery-white palladium offers a cheaper and more durable option that industries such as automotive, electronic and biomedical use in several applications.
In recent years, both gold and palladium have been treated as exchangeable materials. With the ever rising price of gold and labor, companies are in a constant search for the next best thing. For many, that next best thing has been palladium. While both materials are classified as rare precious metals and share numerous characteristics that make them very useful plating materials, palladium is much less expensive than gold.
As a result, companies across numerous industries have switched from gold to palladium plating, expecting similar results and properties. However, the two materials are far from the same in many respects.
Though treated as interchangeable, palladium and gold have vastly different qualities in terms of appearance, durability, cost and electrochemical properties. To understand these differences and appreciate the unique aspects of each of these metals, we’ve outlined their major features, from the processes involved in plating them to their strengths, weaknesses and applications.
Palladium and Gold Electroplating
Both palladium and gold are deposited onto a surface using an electroplating process. This process works in much the same way as most other metals:
Cleaning: The object to be plated is first examined for cleanliness and put through a thorough cleaning process. Any stains, marks or other imperfections on the surface of the object act as a barrier to the electroplating process in one way or another. In many cases, it can result in an incomplete or defective coating that can peel or break off more easily. Cleaning the surface of the object thoroughly ensures a structurally sound, imperfection-free coat.
Submersion: After cleaning, the object is submerged in an electrolytic bath in which gold or palladium ions are dissolved. In the case of palladium, the ions dissolved in the solution may all be palladium, or they may consist of a ratio of palladium and other metals. This depends entirely on whether palladium or a palladium alloy is to be deposited on the object. If an alloy is to be plated, proper portions of palladium and either cobalt or nickel are added to the electrolyte solution.
Electroplating: Once the object is submerged, an electric current is run through the electrolyte solution. This current excites the ions and causes them to attract to the surface of the object. As a result, the ions bind at a chemical level to the surface of the object, creating a thin, uniform layer.
Treating: After the electroplating process is completed, the finished product may go through one or more treating cycles. These treating cycles include heat treating to remove excess hydrogen from the plating layer, as well as drying cycles to remove excess solution from the surface of the material.
The result of this process is a thin coat of protective gold or palladium around 0.0002 inches thick. This coating is chemically bonded to the surface of the object, meaning that the external coating won’t peel or fall off of the surface, but it will instead wear down with time and use.
2.)Electrolysis converts electrical energy into chemical energy by storing electrons in the form of stable chemical bonds. The chemical energy can be used as a fuel or converted back to electricity when needed. Water electrolysis to hydrogen and oxygen is a well-established technology, whereas fundamental advances in CO2 electrolysis are still needed to enable short-term and seasonal energy storage in the form of liquid fuels. This paper discusses the electrolytic reactions that can potentially enable renewable energy storage, including water, CO2 and N2 electrolysis. Recent progress and major obstacles associated with electrocatalysis and mass transfer management at a system level are reviewed. We conclude that knowledge and strategies are transferable between these different electrochemical technologies, although there are also unique complications that arise from the specifics of the reactions involved.
Building sustainable, clean energy systems is one of the most critical problems that the world faces in this century. Population growth and economic development in the coming decades will inevitably result in a substantial increase in global energy consumption (1, 2). Traditional fossil sources of energy are carbon-positive and contribute substantially to climate change. Variou
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