1. Explain the impact of Forest Laws' on the Jhum cultivators in detail.
Answers
Answer:
-A series of British forest Laws passed by the mid-nineteenth century in the form of Forest Acts restricted access to forested areas. Under these conditions, the iron-smelters could not continue with thier occupation for long. Many gave up thier craft and looked for other means of livelihood.
-The demand for iron produced by local indegenous smelters also declined because of tough competition from British Steel. In fact, the large demand for iron and steel required for the construction of railways in India was met by importing iron and steel from England.
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Answer: This includes the conversion of large forest areas into reserved forests or protected areas, changes in ownership of forestland, unsustainable logging and development of other land use systems, including the expansion of settled agriculture and cash crop plantations.