1. How and where does the brain evaluate reward value and effort (cost) to modulate behavior?
2.How does previous experience alter perception and behavior?
3.What are the genetic and environmental contributions to brain function?
4. What selective advantages drove the development of sexualreproduction, and how did it develop?
5. In Celltheory, what is the exact transportmechanism by which proteins travel through the Golgiapparatus?
5. What is the cause of homosexuality, especially in the human species?
6. Where do our memories get stored and how are they retrieved again?
7. How can learning be improved?
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#1.. The areas involved are the supplementary motor area (SMA), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and putamen. Every action we take involves a cost to us in physical energy, yet studies about decision-making have tended to look at how we weight up external costs like risks or time. However, being unwilling to exert effort is a symptom for a range of mental disorders, so understanding how the brain processes decisions about effort versus reward could provide insights into these conditions. Every action we take involves a cost to us in physical energy, yet studies about decision-making have tended to look at how we weight up external costs like risks or time. Assessment of effort was centred on the SMA and putamen.
#2.. The Experiencing Self lives in the present, processing current inputs and information from the physical and social environment. Life is a continuous series of moments of experience. Once these moments are passed, however, most are lost forever. Many don’t even leave a trace. Kahneman calculated that the psychological presence of an experience lasts about three seconds. To us, every moment of our life seems precious. What we do minute-to-minute is important to our existence. These experiences should make up the story of our lives. But they don’t. The story of our lives is written by The Remembering Self. But if almost all of our continuous moment-to-moment experiences are lost nothing is remembered. Kahneman’s research reveals that the experiences we remember are defined by change. Our stories are made up of experiences that are new, novel and those that have greater significance. In addition, our Remembering Self likes endings—how episodes and other individual experiences conclude.
#3..One of the grand challenges faced by neuroscience is to delineate the determinants of interindividual variation in the comprehensive structural and functional connection matrices that comprise the human connectome. At present, this endeavor appears most tractable at the macroanatomic scale, where intrinsic brain activity exhibits robust patterns of synchrony that recapitulate core functional circuits at the individual level. Here, we use a classical twin study design to examine the heritability of intrinsic functional network properties in 101 twin pairs, including network activity (i.e., variance of a network's specific temporal fluctuations) and internetwork coherence (i.e., correlation between networks' specific temporal fluctuations).
#4.. It’s all about DNA. It copies itself each time a cell divides into more cells. DNA, the hereditary material in our bodies, is always best when it is DIVERSE. The more diverse the DNA of a population of people or animals is, the better that population is suited to survive many different environmental conditions. For example, populations with genetic diversity can adapt to new environmental conditions via natural selections and genetic mutations that make the animal or person better able to survive. Without lots of different DNA sequences, it is hard to adapt, because you aren’t working with much diversity in the first place!! Does that make sense?! So sexual reproduction, unlike the straight cloning that happens in certain types of single cell organisms like bacteria, produces more diversity by taking genetic material from both a male and female and combining it in new ways.
#5..There are 2 theories about how cargo is transported: vesicles budding off from the membrane (for smaller proteins), or the cisternal maturation (CM) model where the whole sac matures from being a cis- to trans-Golgi. There has been experimental evidence for both depending on which cells the Golgi is found in.
#5.. Most scientist today agree that sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors. Although homosexuality does not appear to be adaptive from an evolutionary standpoint, because homosexual sex does not produce children, there is evidence of its existence through human history. Most scientists agree that it is unlikely that there is a single "gay gene" that determines something as complex as sexual orientation, and that it is more likely to be the result of an interaction of genetic, biological and environmental/cultural factors.
#6..After consolidation, long-term memories are stored throughout the brain as groups of neurons that are primed to fire together in the same pattern that created the original experience.
#7..Use quizzing to promote learning. Testing enhances learning, particularly when the tests are aligned with important content. Help students allocate study time effectively.
#1.. The areas involved are the supplementary motor area (SMA), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and putamen. Every action we take involves a cost to us in physical energy, yet studies about decision-making have tended to look at how we weight up external costs like risks or time. However, being unwilling to exert effort is a symptom for a range of mental disorders, so understanding how the brain processes decisions about effort versus reward could provide insights into these conditions. Every action we take involves a cost to us in physical energy, yet studies about decision-making have tended to look at how we weight up external costs like risks or time. Assessment of effort was centred on the SMA and putamen.
#2.. The Experiencing Self lives in the present, processing current inputs and information from the physical and social environment. Life is a continuous series of moments of experience. Once these moments are passed, however, most are lost forever. Many don’t even leave a trace. Kahneman calculated that the psychological presence of an experience lasts about three seconds. To us, every moment of our life seems precious. What we do minute-to-minute is important to our existence. These experiences should make up the story of our lives. But they don’t. The story of our lives is written by The Remembering Self. But if almost all of our continuous moment-to-moment experiences are lost nothing is remembered. Kahneman’s research reveals that the experiences we remember are defined by change. Our stories are made up of experiences that are new, novel and those that have greater significance. In addition, our Remembering Self likes endings—how episodes and other individual experiences conclude.
#3..One of the grand challenges faced by neuroscience is to delineate the determinants of interindividual variation in the comprehensive structural and functional connection matrices that comprise the human connectome. At present, this endeavor appears most tractable at the macroanatomic scale, where intrinsic brain activity exhibits robust patterns of synchrony that recapitulate core functional circuits at the individual level. Here, we use a classical twin study design to examine the heritability of intrinsic functional network properties in 101 twin pairs, including network activity (i.e., variance of a network's specific temporal fluctuations) and internetwork coherence (i.e., correlation between networks' specific temporal fluctuations).
#4.. It’s all about DNA. It copies itself each time a cell divides into more cells. DNA, the hereditary material in our bodies, is always best when it is DIVERSE. The more diverse the DNA of a population of people or animals is, the better that population is suited to survive many different environmental conditions. For example, populations with genetic diversity can adapt to new environmental conditions via natural selections and genetic mutations that make the animal or person better able to survive. Without lots of different DNA sequences, it is hard to adapt, because you aren’t working with much diversity in the first place!! Does that make sense?! So sexual reproduction, unlike the straight cloning that happens in certain types of single cell organisms like bacteria, produces more diversity by taking genetic material from both a male and female and combining it in new ways.
#5..There are 2 theories about how cargo is transported: vesicles budding off from the membrane (for smaller proteins), or the cisternal maturation (CM) model where the whole sac matures from being a cis- to trans-Golgi. There has been experimental evidence for both depending on which cells the Golgi is found in.
#5.. Most scientist today agree that sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors. Although homosexuality does not appear to be adaptive from an evolutionary standpoint, because homosexual sex does not produce children, there is evidence of its existence through human history. Most scientists agree that it is unlikely that there is a single "gay gene" that determines something as complex as sexual orientation, and that it is more likely to be the result of an interaction of genetic, biological and environmental/cultural factors.
#6..After consolidation, long-term memories are stored throughout the brain as groups of neurons that are primed to fire together in the same pattern that created the original experience.
#7..Use quizzing to promote learning. Testing enhances learning, particularly when the tests are aligned with important content. Help students allocate study time effectively.
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Explanation:
1) The areas involved are the supplementary motor area (SMA), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and putamen. Every action we take involves a cost to us in physical energy, yet studies about decision-making have tended to look at how we weight up external costs like risks or time. However, being unwilling to exert effort is a symptom for a range of mental disorders, so understanding how the brain processes decisions about effort versus reward could provide insights into these conditions. Every action we take involves a cost to us in physical energy, yet studies about decision-making have tended to look at how we weight up external costs like risks or time. Assessment of effort was centred on the SMA and putamen.
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