1. How are stereotypes created ? What effect do they have on individual and Society ? 2. Mention the contribution of Jyotiba Phule , BR Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi for removal of caste based inequality in India . 3. Mention the fundamental right given in the Indian constitution. Which values do these support ?
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1.People form stereotypes based on inferences about groups' social roles—like high school dropouts in the fast-food industry. Picture a high-school dropout. Now, think about what occupation that person is likely to hold.researchers at Stanford University have found another, particularly disturbing effect of subtle stereotypes. A series of five studies showed that people are more likely to lie, cheat, steal, or endorse doing so when they feel that they are being devalued simply because they belong to particular groups.
2.Jyotiba phule
- In 1848 Phule began his work as a social reformer. Interested in education of boys and girls of lower castes, he started a school for them.
-He and his wife Savitrirao Phule opened the first-ever school for Dalit girls in 1848 in Pune.
-Along with his followers, Phule led the foundation of Satyashodhak Samaj ('Seekers of Truth') in 1848 in a bid to attain equal social and economic benefits for the lower castes in Maharashtra.
Mahatma Gandhi
-Gandhi held his ground and refused to remove the untouchable family from the ashram. ...
-Gandhi addressed the application of Satyagraha in caste reform more than once, but he never led a Satyagraha campaign over the question of untouchability
-He used "peaceful protest", and "non-cooperation methods", as well as organizing marches, civil disobedience, he even used fasting as a tool of protest. He helped to raise the standard of untouchables by calling them " Harijans" meaning "God's People"
BR Ambedkar
-He made valuable contribution to the social and political thinking and denounced the outrageous attitude of the Brahmanical Hinduism towards the untouchables and worked for the liberation of oppressed class from the high caste Hindus
-In a conference in late 1927, Ambedkar publicly condemned the classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically justifying caste discrimination and "untouchability", and he ceremonially burned copies of the ancient text. On 25 December 1927, he led thousands of followers to burn copies of Manusmriti.
3.The Constitution guarantees six fundamental rights to Indian citizens as follows: (i) right to equality, (ii) right to freedom, (iii) right against exploitation, (iv) right to freedom of religion, (v) cultural and educational rights, and (vi) right to constitutional remedies.The four concepts ( dignity, freedoms, equality and solidarity ) which are presented in the preamble of the Charter as “indivisible and universal values”