1. How did the Turkish invasions affect Indian culture on a larger note? Write a few points.
Answers
Answer:
I. Political Changes or Effects:
1. Establishment of the Muslim rule in North India:
The Arab invasion had led to the establishment of two independent Muslim Kingdoms of Sindh and Multan. But the Turk invasion led to the establishment of the Muslim rule over a large part of North India.
2. Political importance of Delhi:
Iltutmish made Delhi the capital of the Sultanate in India. Earlier it was Lahore. Thus the political importance of Lahore declined and of Delhi increased.
3. Supremacy of the Caliph of Bagdad:
Though the Turkish Sultans of Delhi were independent rulers yet they took the help of Caliph to give stability to their rule and they considered themselves a part of the Islamic world. In other words foreign religious elements were introduced in Indian political life.
4. Law of succession:
Islamic law enjoins the election of a ruler but in practice any of the issues of the Sultan could be chosen as the successor of the throne. Likewise it was essential that the Sultan should be a male. However there were deviations also. These practices affected the political situation in India.
5. Turkish monopoly of high offices:
Indians, whether Hindus or Muslims were by and large deprived of high offices in administration.
6. ‘Iqta’ System:
‘Iqta’ literally means an area. Empire was-divided into Iqtas or provinces. The Turkish rule put an end to the independent small kingdoms and these were replaced by Iqtas. Every Iqta was placed under the charge of a chief military commander. The head of each Iqta was designated as Iqtadar.
These Iqtadars were not the independent rulers of these areas. Their appointments, tenures and transfers depended on the will of the ruler. The Iqtadar met the expenditure of the army stationed under him, out of the income of the Iqta and thereafter sent the balance to the ruler.
The Iqtadar had to perform two important duties i.e. the collection of revenue and maintenance of law and order. The Iqta system was designed to put an end to the feudal system of the Rajput’s. The Iqta system brought distant areas of the empire in contact with the Central Government.
7. Changes in military organization:
Recruitment in the army was now no longer the monopoly of one particular class i.e. the Rajput’s/Kshatriyas and it was opened to all classes.
Another important change took place in the army organisation. The Sultans organised their permanent standing armies in place of the feudal armies i.e. the armies supplied by the feudal chiefs whenever asked for.
The third change was that cavalry men and archers began to be recruited in large numbers as against the infantrymen.
Fourthly, elephants gave place to trained horses.
Fifthly, more importance began to be given to the training of the army.
Sixthly, suitable arrangements were made for the security of the frontiers.
Lastly, Rajput ideals of warfare were completely abandoned.
II. Social Changes:
1. Condemnation of caste system:
The Turkish conquest reduced the importance of the caste system. Turkish society had a firm belief in social equality.
2. Check on the privileged class in villages:
The Iqtadars who were mostly urban people put a check on the privileged feudatories in the villages.
3. Changes in urban areas:
Prof. Habib has observed that the doors of the ancient ‘noble cities’ of the Rajputs were now opened for the different sections of society i.e. the artisans as well as the labourers, the Hindus and the Muslims and the Brahmins and the so-called Chandals, without any consideration of high and low.
III. Economic Changes:
(a) Encouragement to trade:
According to Sir Jadurnath Sarkar, trade contacts which had broken in the 8th century with the countries of Asia and Africa were revived towards the close of the 12th century. Indian traders started trading on a large scale with Ghazni and China.
Answer:
I. Political Changes or Effects:
1. Establishment of the Muslim rule in North India:
The Arab invasion had led to the establishment of two independent Muslim Kingdoms of Sindh and Multan. But the Turk invasion led to the establishment of the Muslim rule over a large part of North India.
2. Political importance of Delhi:
Iltutmish made Delhi the capital of the Sultanate in India. Earlier it was Lahore. Thus the political importance of Lahore declined and of Delhi increased.
3. Supremacy of the Caliph of Bagdad:
Though the Turkish Sultans of Delhi were independent rulers yet they took the help of Caliph to give stability to their rule and they considered themselves a part of the Islamic world. In other words foreign religious elements were introduced in Indian political life.
4. Law of succession:
Islamic law enjoins the election of a ruler but in practice any of the issues of the Sultan could be chosen as the successor of the throne. Likewise it was essential that the Sultan should be a male. However there were deviations also. These practices affected the political situation in India.
5. Turkish monopoly of high offices:
Indians, whether Hindus or Muslims were by and large deprived of high offices in administration
Explanation:
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