Question

1.     It was 200 years ago that a French doctor when examining a female patient, rolled up sheets of paper and placed them to her heart instead of putting his ear to her chest. This single act gave birth to that universal marker of medical practice, the stethoscope. Over two centuries this device has travelled wide and is now seen in S and M shops, toy stores, medical exam rooms. Unfortunately, on its two hundredth birthday, instead of celebration there’s talk of dispatching the stethoscope to the morgue. Last week, Jagat Narula, a cardiologist, provocatively claimed; ‘The stethoscope is dead’.   2.     In 2014, India –born 15-year-old Suman Mulumudi invented the Steth 10 in Seattle. He is one among several who have come up with alternatives to the regular stethoscope. His invention essentially records heart and lung sound and converts them into a spectrogram which can be annotated in an iPhone that amplifies and stores for future reference. The device is in the market. Besides this, there are other choices in the market. Others have cited a portable ultrasound machine as a possible successor. An FDA approved digital stethoscope that records the sounds of a patient’s heart and lung sounds and transmits them into an app is also around. The chip stored in the cloud can be transferred for a second opinion anywhere in the world. Some stethoscope apps play doctor and deliver snap diagnosis by applying algorithms to match the patient’s recording with a re-programmed index of common sounds detected for listening to internal sounds of the body.         3.     The gains, experts say, are greater diagnostic accuracy, real-time results and streamlined treatment that saves the patient’s time and money by eliminating superfluous tests and medication. But not all Indian doctors are convinced about it. Dr Vinita Arora maintains that technology is what you tell technology. Good history of talking and listening to a patient can never be substituted. If the machine misses even one sign, the diagnosis can be incorrect. According to CT Deshmukh 90% of doctors can’t do without a stethoscope, but some others point out those stethoscope stand-ins will not penetrate the Indian market until new digital devices are introduced to students right at medical school. According to Dr Neelesh Bhandari, when you go to techno conferences you realize that stethoscopes are going out because apps and mobile devices are more accurate and tell you more. For manufacturers of steel stethoscopes their devices are a bargain at rupees 500 to rupees 2000.Even though electronic stethoscopes have been available for several years, you will seldom come across them in use.   4.     The economics of operating the next gen stethoscopes may prove a hurdle in India. Logistically the steep imbalance between doctor-patient ratio -6 doctors to every 10,000 people could suppose that quicker, more efficient tools with tele medicine capabilities would have sped up diagnosis. But then again 80% of the population is treated in rural India where steady electricity is a luxury.   5.     This is why other doctors feel that it is not yet time for the stethoscope to exit although they believe that will undoubtedly come. For the present the convention is suggestive of the doctor’s authority because when a patient sees an individual with a stethoscope, they feel reassured that they are in capable hands and feel on the way to recovery. Moreover, if you take away the symbol you take away the placebo effect of the doctor.   6.     Finally, it is worthwhile to remember that a conventional stethoscope may not relay messages but it has always had a processor – between the ear tips.                                                                                                                  Question                                                                                                                         (a) What did the French doctor examining a woman patient do? (b) Where can the stethoscope be seen nowadays? (c) What does the digital stethoscope record? (d) What are the advantages of a Digital stethoscope? (e) Why is an FDA approved digital stethoscope commendable? (f) The economics of operating the next gen stethoscopes may prove a hurdle in India. Why? (g) Why do the doctors feel that it is not yet time for the original stethoscope to exit? (h) What is the overall paragraph talking about? (i) Find the synonym of “hindrance” from the passage. (j) Find the antonym of “entry” from the passage.​

Answer 1

Answer:

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