1. Jewish diaspora
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By the seventh century b.c.e. some Jews were already living outside of what is now Israel, partly due to dispersal following the defeat of what was then Israel—the northem of two Hebrew kingdoms. There were early Jewish communities in Egypt, also probably settled by some of those exiles (Purvis, 1988). Egypt manned its borders with loyal foreign troops, and Jewish soldiers, along with their families and other migrants, were stationed at Migdol, near Suez, a fertile, populated area with irrigation, drainage canals, and navigable waters. A similar community settled at the southern border of Egypt: Elephantine, an island in the Nile at the edge of Nubian territory. Papyri found there comprise a wealth of records in Aramaic: contracts, memos, legal documents, and letters. They date from 495 to 399 b.c.e., but also reflect the community’s earlier history. As at Migdol, Jewish troops brought families. When their temple was destroyed at the urging...
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