1. List and explain three political features of India during the 18th century.
Answers
Explanation:
1 Emperor Aurangzeb had depleted the military and financial resources of his empire by fighting a long war in the Deccan.
2 Nobles who were appointed as governors (subadars) controlled the offices of revenue and military administration (diwani and faujdari) which gave them extraordinary political, economic and military powers over vast regions of the Mughal Empire.
3 Peasant and zamindari rebellions in many parts of northern and western India added to these problems. .
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Answer: Eighteenth Century Political Formations: During the first half of the 18th century, many significant developments took place in the subcontinent. The boundaries of the Mughal Empire were reshaped by the emergence of a number of independent kingdoms. In major parts of eastern India, another power, the British had successfully gained control by 1765. Within a short span of time the political scenario in the 18th century India changed quite dramatically.
The Crisis of the Empire
The Mughal Empire started facing a lot of crises towards the end of the 17th century. The following were responsible for the same:
Aurangzeb's Exploits in Deccan: He had caused depletion of the military and financial resources of his empire by fighting a long war in the Deccan. The efficiency of the imperial administration broke down under his successors.
Powerful mansabdars and nobles: The later Mughal emperors found it increasingly difficult to keep a check on their powerful mansabdars. Nobles appointed as governors often controlled the offices of revenue and also the military administration. This gave them extraordinary powers in the political, economic and military aspects of vast regions of the empire. There was a fall in the periodic remission of revenue to the capital because of the consolidation of control over the provinces by the governors.
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