1 method to prepare nitric acid in small scale
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step 1:ammonia is oxidized to form nitric acid and also nitrogen dioxide
step2:the nitrogen dioxide which is formed get absorbed by Water
step2:the nitrogen dioxide which is formed get absorbed by Water
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Nitric acid is the primary reagent used for nitration – the addition of a nitro group, typically to an organic molecule. While some resulting nitro compounds are shock- and thermally-sensitive explosives, a few are stable enough to be used in munitions and demolition, while others are still more stable and used as pigments in inks and dyes. Nitric acid is also commonly used as a strong oxidizing agent.
Three Types Of Nitric Acid
In the scheme of lab prepared nitric acid, there are generally three types of nitric acid. These distinct types of nitric acid are defined by concentration and conditions of preparation. First is constant boiling nitric acid of 68% concentration with a specific gravity of 1.42 . This is the acid of commerce and is the easiest to handle and transport. It is called constant boiling because, at this concentration, water and nitric acid form a binary azeotrope that always boils at the same temperature. In layman's terms, the 68% nitric acid can be boiled at atmospheric pressure and the vapors condensed unchanged.
The next two types are the fuming nitric acids. They are called so because of the copious choking fumes these more acids give off. Not only are these more concentrated forms of nitric acid but also much more reactive. They are white fuming and red fuming nitric acids. Both are about 95+% and have a specific gravity of 1.52. Nitric acid of this strength has more properties of a strong oxidant instead of acid properties. White fuming nitric acid is made from distilling alkali metal nitrates or constant boiling nitric acid with concentrated sulfuric acid at reduced pressure. Distillation of such mixtures at atmospheric pressure generates red fuming nitric acid. This is nitric acid with dissolved brownish red nitrogen dioxide giving the acid its characteristic reddish brown tint.
Single displacement synthesis
The simplist and most used preparation of nitric acid in the lab is by adding
Double displacement reaction
If you do not want to prepare white or red fuming nitric acid, or just want more efficient use of your sulfuric acid, then this approach might be best. It has recently come to my attention in youtube that 68% nitric acid cna be prepared from calcium nitrate fertilzer and sulfuric acid and a little water. You mix the calcium nitrate with the water to dissolve as much as possible then add the concentrated sulfuric acid with constant stirring. This makes a thick pasty mixture which is distilled in an all glass apparatus. First water is collected in the receiving flash containing small amounts of nitric acid. Then at 121 degrees Celsius, the receiving flask is switched to collect the constant boiling 68% nitric acid. The video below describes the procedure in detail.
Three Types Of Nitric Acid
In the scheme of lab prepared nitric acid, there are generally three types of nitric acid. These distinct types of nitric acid are defined by concentration and conditions of preparation. First is constant boiling nitric acid of 68% concentration with a specific gravity of 1.42 . This is the acid of commerce and is the easiest to handle and transport. It is called constant boiling because, at this concentration, water and nitric acid form a binary azeotrope that always boils at the same temperature. In layman's terms, the 68% nitric acid can be boiled at atmospheric pressure and the vapors condensed unchanged.
The next two types are the fuming nitric acids. They are called so because of the copious choking fumes these more acids give off. Not only are these more concentrated forms of nitric acid but also much more reactive. They are white fuming and red fuming nitric acids. Both are about 95+% and have a specific gravity of 1.52. Nitric acid of this strength has more properties of a strong oxidant instead of acid properties. White fuming nitric acid is made from distilling alkali metal nitrates or constant boiling nitric acid with concentrated sulfuric acid at reduced pressure. Distillation of such mixtures at atmospheric pressure generates red fuming nitric acid. This is nitric acid with dissolved brownish red nitrogen dioxide giving the acid its characteristic reddish brown tint.
Single displacement synthesis
The simplist and most used preparation of nitric acid in the lab is by adding
Double displacement reaction
If you do not want to prepare white or red fuming nitric acid, or just want more efficient use of your sulfuric acid, then this approach might be best. It has recently come to my attention in youtube that 68% nitric acid cna be prepared from calcium nitrate fertilzer and sulfuric acid and a little water. You mix the calcium nitrate with the water to dissolve as much as possible then add the concentrated sulfuric acid with constant stirring. This makes a thick pasty mixture which is distilled in an all glass apparatus. First water is collected in the receiving flash containing small amounts of nitric acid. Then at 121 degrees Celsius, the receiving flask is switched to collect the constant boiling 68% nitric acid. The video below describes the procedure in detail.
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