Question

1) Name the N2-fixing microbe seen in root nodules of non-leguminous plant Alnus.

2) Name the two trace elements which are present in Nitrogenase enzyme?

3) What are N2 - fixers?

4) Name the first amino acid which is synthesised during Reductive amination?

5) Name any two Cyanobacteria which are N2 – fixers? ​

Answer 1

Answer:

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1-Nitrogen-fixing actinobacteria Frankia. Frankia is a genus of soil actinomycetes in the family Frankiaceae that fix nitrogen, both under symbiotic and free-living aerobic conditions, while most rhizobia do not (Benson and Silvester, 1993).

2-All nitrogenases are two-component systems made up of Component I (also known as dinitrogenase) and Component II (also known as dinitrogenase reductase). Component I is a MoFe protein in molybdenum nitrogenase, a VFe protein in vanadium nitrogenase, and a Fe protein in iron-only nitrogenase.

3-Nitrogen fixation is a chemical process by which molecular nitrogen with a strong triple covalent bond, in the air is converted into ammonia (NH

or related nitrogenous compounds, typically in soil or aquatic systems.

4-Reductive amination of aldehydes or ketones is an excellent method of producing amines, especially on an industrial scale. To form amino acids on a laboratory scale, the starting material is an α-keto acid. Ammonia reacts with the α-keto acid to give an imine

5-Free-living nitrogen-fixers include the cyanobacteria Anabaena and Nostoc and genera such as Azotobacter, Beijerinckia, and Clostridium.

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Answer 2

Explanation

1. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the root nodules of non-leguminous plant Alnus is Frankia.

NON-LEGUMINOUS PLANTS

• Plants that do not belong to the family Leguminosae are classified as non-leguminous.
• They are not legumes rather have root nodules with nitrogen-fixing bacterias.
• Example - Alnus, Bayberry, Sweet gale.  
• The plants fix nitrogen in the soil with the help of bacterias belonging to the genus Frankia.
• The bacterias build symbiotic relationships with the root nodules of the plant.

2. Trace elements present in nitrogenase enzymes are molybdenum and vanadium.

NITROGENASE ENZYMES

• Nitrogenase enzymes are the bacterias that help in the fixation and conversion of nitrogen to ammonia in the soil.
• The reduction process of conversion is energy (ATP) dependent.
• The complex enzymes are composed of two components as component I and Component II.
• Component I or dinitrogenase is molbedynum-nitrogenase with MoFe protein.
• Component II or dinitrogenase reductase is the vanadium-nitrogenase with VFe protein.

3. N-FIXERS  

• Nitrogen fixation is a natural cyclic process that involves the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to a more absorbable and reactive form.
• The nitrogen is fixed by biological agents or microorganisms.
• There are two types of nitrogen fixers -
• Symbiotic - Rhizobium
• Non-Symbiotic - Clostridium, Azotobacter, Cyanobacteria.

4. The first amino acid synthesized during Reductive amination is GLUTAMATE.

REDUCTIVE AMINATION

• An essential step in amino acid synthesis involves the formation of glutamic acid.
• In the reaction, ammonia reacts with alpha-ketoglutaric acid to form Glutamic acid.
• The process is mediated by the enzyme - Glutamate dehydrogenase.
• During the reaction, glutamate is formed from ammonia.

5. Cyanobacteria that are nitrogen fixers are - Nostoc and Anabaena.

CYANOBACTERIA -  

• Prokaryotic bacteria help to fix nitrogen with the help of the nitrogenase enzyme.
• These bacterias have special heterocysts that facilitate the fixation process in anaerobic conditions.
• Some are non-symbiotic in nature and some are filamentous in structure.
• Example - Nostoc, Anabaena, Gloeocapsa.