1. Name the two Yajnas performed by the kings during the Later Vedic period.
2. List the four main varnas of the society and their occupations.
3. Which were the earliest kingdoms built by the Aryans?
4. Name some of the occupations practiced widely during the Later Vedic period.
5. List the three Vedas composed during the Later Vedic period. HISTORY
Answers
Answer:
The Vedic period, or Vedic age (c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE), is the period in the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age of the history of India when the Vedic literature, including the Vedas (ca. 1300-900 BCE), was composed in the northern Indian subcontinent, between the end of the Urban Indus Valley Civilisation and a second urbanisation which began in the central Indo-Gangetic Plain c. 600 BCE. The Vedas are liturgical texts which formed the basis of the influential Brahmanical ideology, which developed in the Kuru Kingdom, a tribal union of several Indo-Aryan tribes. The Vedas contain details of life during this period that have been interpreted to be historical[1][note 1] and constitute the primary sources for understanding the period. These documents, alongside the corresponding archaeological record, allow for the evolution of the Indo-Aryan and Vedic culture to be traced and inferred.[2]
Early Vedic period
Early Vedic Culture (1700-1100 BCE).png
Geographical range
Indian subcontinent
Period
Bronze Age India
Dates
c. 1500 – c. 1100 BCE
Preceded by
Indus Valley Civilisation
Cemetery H culture
Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
Followed by
Late Vedic period, Kuru Kingdom, Panchala, Videha
Late Vedic period
Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png
Geographical range
Indian subcontinent
Period
Iron Age India
Dates
c. 1100 – c. 500 BCE
Preceded by
Early Vedic culture
Followed by
Haryanka dynasty, Mahajanapada
The Vedas were composed and orally transmitted with precision by speakers of an Old Indo-Aryan language who had migrated into the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent early in this period. The Vedic society was patriarchal and patrilineal.[note 2] Early Indo-Aryans were a Late Bronze Age society centred in the Punjab, organised into tribes rather than kingdoms, and primarily sustained by a pastoral way of life.
Around c. 1200–1000 BCE the Aryan culture spread eastward to the fertile western Ganges Plain. Iron tools were adopted, which allowed for the clearing of forests and the adoption of a more settled, agricultural way of life. The second half of the Vedic period was characterised by the emergence of towns, kingdoms, and a complex social differentiation distinctive to India,[2] and the Kuru Kingdom's codification of orthodox sacrificial ritual.[3][4] During this time, the central Ganges Plain was dominated by a related but non-Vedic Indo-Aryan culture, of Greater Magadha. The end of the Vedic period witnessed the rise of true cities and large states (called mahajanapadas) as well as śramaṇa movements (including Jainism and Buddhism) which challenged the Vedic orthodoxy.[5]
The Vedic period saw the emergence of a hierarchy of social classes that would remain influential. Vedic religion developed into Brahmanical orthodoxy, and around the beginning of the Common Era, the Vedic tradition formed one of the main constituents of "Hindu synthesis".[6]
Archaeological cultures identified with phases of Indo-Aryan material culture include the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture, the Gandhara grave culture, the black and red ware culture and the Painted Grey Ware culture.[7]
Answer:
1. Name the two Yajnas performed by the kings during the Later Vedic period
Two main yajnas performed by the King were 'Rajsuya Yajna' (at the time of coronation) and 'Ashvamedha Yajna' (to improve the power of the realm).
2. List the four main varnas of the society and their occupations.
- Brahmins: scholars of the Vedas, priests and teachers.
- Kshatriyas: protectors of others, rulers, warriors and administrators.
- Vaishyas: agriculturalists, merchants and traders.
- Shudras: laborers and service providers.
3. Which were the earliest kingdoms built by the Aryans?
The Indo-Aryans were part of an expansion into the Indus Valley and Ganges Plain from1800-1500 BCE. This is explained through Indo-Aryan
4. Name some of the occupations practiced widely during the Later Vedic period.
Agriculture was the main occupation of the people of the Later Vedic period. The use of iron and improved farming implements brought about increased prosperity. The people also used painted grey vessels. This Period saw the growth of towns and cities as well as the development of trade by the barter system.
5. List the three Vedas composed during the Later Vedic period.
This age witnessed the composition of three later Veda Samhitas namely, the Samveda Samhita, the Yajurveda Samhita, the Atharvaveda Samhita as well as Brahmanas and the Upanishads of all the four Vedas and later on the two great epics—the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.