Question

1. Production of lactic acid at the end of respiration.

2. Respiration in muscles during heavy exercise.

3. Breakdown of food with the use of oxygen.

4. Production of water at the end of respiration.

5. Respiration seen inyeast.


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Answer 1

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➪ Lactate reacts with oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to form pyruvate, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and a proton (H+).

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➪ During heavy exercise, expiratory flow limitation and prolonged expiratory time result in higher average positive intrathoracic pressures that reduce ventricular transmural pressure and act like a Valsalva manoeuver, decreasing the rate of ventricular filling during diastole and reducing stroke volume, venous return.

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➪ Water, because at the end of the mitochondrion electron transport chain — part of ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation (a.k.a. cellular respiration) — two (energy-depleted) electrons combine with one oxygen ion and two hydrogen ions (protons), so forming HO (water), which is transported by the blood.

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➪ In summary, yeast is a single-celled fungus that uses cellular respiration, which converts glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and ATP. Fermentation is anaerobic respiration and happens without oxygen. Glucose is converted to two ATP, ethanol, and carbon dioxide. Yeast fermentation is used to make beer and wine.

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