Question

1. Read the following passage and make notes in an appropriate format: (15)
Outer space, or simply space, is the expanse that exists beyond the Earth and between celestial bodies.
Outer space is not completely empty—it is a hard vacuum containing a low density of particles,
predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium, as well as electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields,
neutrinos, dust, and cosmic rays. The baseline temperature of outer space, as set by the background
radiation from the Big Bang, is 2.7 kelvins (−270.45 °C; −454.81 °F). The plasma between galaxies accounts
for about half of the baryonic (ordinary) matter in the universe; it has a number density of less than one
hydrogen atom per cubic metre and a temperature of millions of kelvins. Local concentrations of matter
have condensed into stars and galaxies. Studies indicate that 90% of the mass in most galaxies is in an
unknown form, called dark matter, which interacts with other matter through gravitational but not
electromagnetic forces. Observations suggest that the majority of the mass-energy in the observable
universe is dark energy, a type of vacuum energy that is poorly understood. Intergalactic space takes up
most of the volume of the universe, but even galaxies and star systems consist almost entirely of empty
space.
Outer space does not begin at a definite altitude above the Earth's surface. However, the Kármán line, an
altitude of 100 km (62 mi) above sea level, is conventionally used as the start of outer space in space
treaties and for aerospace records keeping. The framework for international space law was established by
the Outer Space Treaty, which entered into force on 10 October 1967. This treaty precludes any claims of
national sovereignty and permits all states to freely explore outer space. Despite the drafting of UN
resolutions for the peaceful uses of outer space, anti-satellite weapons have been tested in Earth orbit.
Humans began the physical exploration of space during the 20th century with the advent of high-altitude
balloon flights. This was followed by manned rocket flights and, then, manned Earth orbit, first achieved by
Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union in 1961. Due to the high cost of getting into space, manned spac

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