1. Read the following passage carefully:- (5)
The topic of thought is one area of psychology and many observers have considered this aspect in
connection with robots and computers; some of the old worries about artificial intelligence were closely
linked to the question of whether computers could think. The first massive electronic computers capable
of rapid computation and little or no creative activity were soon dubbed ‘electronic brains’. A reaction to
this terminology quickly followed. To put them in their place, computers were called ‘high-speed idiots’
an effort to protect human vanity. But not everyone realised the implications of high-speed idiot tag. It
has not been pointed out often enough that even the human idiot is one of the most intelligent life forms
on earth. If the early computers were even that intelligent, it was a remarkable state of affairs.
One consequence of speculation about the possibility of computer thought was that we were forced to
examine with new care the idea of thought in general. It soon becomes clear that we were not sure what
we meant by such terms as ‘thought’ and ‘thinking’. We tend to assume that human beings think, some
more than others, though we often call people thoughtless. Dreams cause a problem, partly because they
usually happen outside our control. They are obviously some type of mental experiences, but are they a
type of thinking? And the question of non-human life forms adds further problems. Many of us would
maintain that some higher animals - dogs, cats, apes and so on – are capable of at least basic thought, but
what about fish and insects? It is certainly true that the higher mammals show complex brain activity,
when tested with appropriate equipment. And what is true of thought is also true of many other mental
processes. One of the immense benefits of artificial intelligence research is that we are being forced to
scrutinize with new vigour, the working of human mind.
It is already clear that machines have superior mental abilities than many life forms. No fern or oak tree
can play chess like even the simplest digital computer, nor can frogs weld car bodies as robots do. The
three-fingered mechanical manipulator is cleverer in some ways than the three-toed sloth. It seems that,
viewed in terms of intellect, the computer should be set well above plants and most animals. Only the
higher animals can, it seems, compete with computers, with regard to intellect and that too with
diminishing success (examples of this are in the games of backgammon and chess). Some of the world’s
best players are now computers.
a. On the basis of your reading of the passage, make notes on it, using headings and sub headings.
Also use recognizable abbreviations, wherever necessary. Give the passage a suitable title. (3)
b. Write a summary of the notes prepared, in not more than 80 words.
Answers
Explanation:
sc SC and rice and herdred is a good morning sir
Answer:
The passage discusses the question of whether computers and robots can think and the implications of this idea. It examines the uncertainty in defining "thought" and "thinking" and the complexity added by dreams and non-human life forms. The passage suggests that artificial intelligence research is forcing a new scrutiny of the human mind and that machines have superior mental abilities to many life forms. Only higher animals can compete with computers in intellect.
Explanation:
a. Notes:
Title: Artificial Intelligence and the Question of Thought
Psychology and the topic of thought
Computers and robots linked to artificial intelligence and thinking
Early computers referred to as "high-speed idiots"
Uncertainty in defining "thought" and "thinking"
Dreams and non-human life forms add complexity
Artificial intelligence research forces scrutiny of human mind
Machines have superior mental abilities to many life forms
Only higher animals can compete with computers in intellect
b. Summary:
The passage discusses the question of whether computers and robots can think and the implications of this idea. It examines the uncertainty in defining "thought" and "thinking" and the complexity added by dreams and non-human life forms. The passage suggests that artificial intelligence research is forcing a new scrutiny of the human mind and that machines have superior mental abilities to many life forms. Only higher animals can compete with computers in intellect.
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