1. The and the movements were the two popular religious movements in Madinull 11: :
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The Child Saint Sambandar, Chola dynasty, Tamil Nadu. From Freer Gallery of Art, Washington DC. He is one of the most prominent of the sixty-three Nayanars of the Saiva bhakti movement.
The Bhakti movement regionally developed around different gods and goddesses, and some sub-sects were Vaishnavism (Vishnu), Shaivism (Shiva), Shaktism (Shakti goddesses), and Smartism.[4][5][6] Bhakti movement preached using the local languages so that the message reached the masses. The movement was inspired by many poet-saints, who championed a wide range of philosophical positions ranging from theistic dualism of Dvaita to absolute monism of Advaita Vedanta.[7][8]
The movement has traditionally been considered an influential social reformation in Hinduism, and provided an individual-focused alternative path to spirituality regardless of one's birth or gender.[3] The Bhakti movement began with the aim of reforming Hinduism, the caste system due to the spread of Islam and Sufi sects.[2] Contemporary scholars question whether the Bhakti movement ever was a reform or rebellion of any kind.[9] They suggest Bhakti movement was a revival, reworking and recontextualisation of ancient Vedic traditions.[10] Bhakti refers to passionate devotion (to a deity).
Scriptures of the Bhakti movement include the Bhagavad Gita, Bhagavata Purana and Padma