1. The commodities prepared by machines were high
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Commodity computing (also known as commodity cluster computing) involves the use of large numbers of already-available computing components for parallel computing, to get the greatest amount of useful computation at low cost.[1] It is computing done in commodity computers as opposed to in high-cost superminicomputers or in boutique computers. Commodity computers are computer systems - manufactured by multiple vendors - incorporating components based on open standards.[citation needed] Such systems are said[by whom?] to be based on commodity components, since the standardization process promotes lower costs and less differentiation among vendors' products. Standardization and decreased differentiation lower the switching or exit cost from any given vendor, increasing purchasers' leverage and preventing lock-in. A governing principle of commodity computing is that it is preferable to have more low-performance, low-cost hardware working in parallel (scalar computing) (e.g. AMD x86 CISC[2]) than to have fewer high-performance, high-cost hardware items[3] (e.g. IBM POWER7 or Sun-Oracle's SPARC[4] RISC). At some point, the number of discrete systems in a cluster will be greater than the mean time between failures (MTBF) for any hardware platform[dubious – discuss], no matter how reliable, so fault tolerance must be built into the controlling software.[5][6] Purchases should be optimized on cost-per-unit-of-performance, not just on absolute performance-per-CPU at any cost.[citation needed]