(1) The pH in the thylakoid cavity decreases during proton breakdown in chlorophyll. (2) Increases pH in stroma fluid. (3) Increases pH in both thyroid cavity and stroma fluid (4) Decreases pH in straw fluid.
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Explanation:
19.4A Proton Gradient Across the Thylakoid Membrane Drives ATP Synthesis
In 1966, André Jagendorf showed that chloroplasts synthesize ATP in the dark when an artificial pH gradient is imposed across the thylakoid membrane. To create this transient pH gradient, he soaked chloroplasts in a pH 4 buffer for several hours and then rapidly mixed them with a pH 8 buffer containing ADP and Pi. The pH of the stroma suddenly increased to 8, whereas the pH of the thylakoid space remained at 4. A burst of ATP synthesis then accompanied the disappearance of the pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane (Figure 19.24). This incisive experiment was one of the first to unequivocally support the hypothesis put forth by Peter Mitchell that ATP synthesis is driven by proton-motive force.

Figure 19.24
Jagendorf's Demonstration. Chloroplasts synthesize ATP after the imposition of a pH gradient.
The principles by which ATP synthesis takes place in chloroplasts are nearly identical with those for oxidative phosphorylation. We have seen how light induces electron transfer through photosystems II and I and the cytochrome bf complex. At various stages in this process, protons are released into the thylakoid lumen or taken up from the stroma, generating a proton gradient. Such a gradient can be maintained because the thylakoid membrane is essentially impermeable to protons. The thylakoid space becomes markedly acidic, with the pH approaching 4. The light-induced transmembrane proton gradient is about 3.5 pH units. As discussed in Section 18.4, energy inherent in the proton gradient, called the proton-motive force (Δp), is described as the sum of two components: a charge gradient and a chemical gradient. In chloroplasts, nearly all of Δp arises from the pH gradient, whereas, in mitochondria, the contribution from the membrane potential is larger. The reason for this difference is that the thylakoid membrane is quite permeable to Cl- and Mg2+. The light-induced transfer of H+ into the thylakoid space is accompanied by the transfer of either Cl- in the same direction or Mg2+ (1 Mg2+ per 2 H+) in the opposite direction. Consequently, electrical neutrality is maintained and no membrane potential is generated. A pH gradient of 3.5 units across the thylakoid membrane corresponds to a proton-motive force of 0.20 V or a ΔG of -4.8 kcal mol-1 (-20.0 kJ mol-1).
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19.4.1. The ATP Synthase of Chloroplasts Closely Resembles Those of Mitochondria and Prokaryotes
The proton-motive force generated by the light reactions is converted into ATP by the ATP synthase of chloroplasts, also called the CF1-CF0 complex (C stands for chloroplast and F for factor). CF1-CF0 ATP synthase closely resembles the F1-F0 complex of mitochondria (Section 18.4.1). CF0 conducts protons across the thylakoid membrane, whereas CF1 catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi.
CF0 is embedded in the thylakoid membrane. It consists of four different polypeptide chains known as I (17 kd), II (16.5 kd), III (8 kd), and IV (27 kd) having an estimated stoichiometry of 1:2:12:1. Subunits I, II, and III correspond to subunits a, b, and c, respectively, of the mitochondrial F0 subunit, and subunit IV is similar in sequence to subunit a. CF1, the site of ATP synthesis, has a subunit composition α3β3γδϵ. The β subunits contain the catalytic sites, similar to the F1 subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Remarkably, β subunits of corn chloroplast ATP synthase are more than 60% identical in amino acid sequence with those of human ATP synthase, despite the passage of approximately 1 billion years since the separation of the plant and animal kingdoms.
Significantly, the membrane orientation of CF1-CF0 is reversed compared with that of the mitochondrial ATP synthase (Figure 19.25). Thus, protons flow out of the thylakoid lumen through ATP synthase into the stroma. Because CF1 is on the stromal surface of the thylakoid membrane, the newly synthesized ATP is released directly into the stromal space. Recall that NADPH formed through the action of photosystem I and ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase also is released into the stromal space. Thus, ATP and NADPH, the products of the light reactions of photosynthesis, are appropriately positioned for the subsequent dark reactions, in which CO2 is converted into carbohydrate.

Figure 19.25
Comparison of Photosynthesis and Oxidative Phosphorylation. The light-induced electron transfer in photosynthesis drives protons into the thylakoid lumen. The excess protons flow out of the lumen through ATP synthase to generate ATP in