Question

1. Two carbon compounds A and B have molecular formula C3H8

and C3H6

respectively. Which

one of the two is most likely to show addition. Justify your answer.

2. Write daily life applications of esters.

3. Soap molecules contains the polar and non-polar end. How these two ends of soap will help in the

cleaning of dirty clothes.​

Answer 1

Answer:

1. C3H6 compound can be added with 4 more hydrogens
2. Ester is used in making soaps and perfumes
3. there are two compounds in on is hydrophilic and the other is hydrophobic so the hydro phobic gets into oil particles and the hydrophilic gets into water

Answer 2

Esters are non-hydrocarbon organic compounds which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. An ester is the product of ‘esterification’ reaction occurring between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. A molecule of water is eliminated when a carboxylic acid combines with an alcohol to form an ester. The diagram shows how esterification happes and where the water comes from:

Picture

The general formula of the esters is CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1 with the values of n =0, 1, 2, 3…, and m =0, 1, 2, 3… The values of n and m indicate the numbers of carbon atoms in the ester molecule. The functional group of the esters is known as carboxylate group (-COO). The structure has shown below:

Picture

Esters have many uses in both the living world and industries. Esters called parabens are used as food and drug preservatives because they can prevent the growth of microorganisms such as molds and yeast. Furthermore, esters have sweet fruit smells and with low molecular mass. Their properties make them suitable for the preparation of cosmetics and perfumes. The lower the molecular mass, the stronger the odors they carry are. These esters are used as food additives to improve the flavor and smell of processed foods. They are listed as ‘artificial flavours’ on labels of processed foods. The following table gives some ester flavours and fragrances:

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In addition, the small esters like ethyl ethanoate are excellent solvents for organic compounds. Sunburn lotions, nail polish removers, plasticisers and glues use esters as solvents. For example, polystyrene cement is a mixture of polystyrene dissolved in ethyl ethanoate. When the ester evaporates, a solid plastic is left behind to bind together the surfaces being joined. Besides, large esters are used in the production of soaps and detergents. Soaps and detergents can remove dirt from surfaces of human skin, shirts and other solids when dissolving in water. Moreover, esters are also used in the production of polyester. The long-chain polyester molecules are unreactive and have great tensile strength. Hence, they are used to make polyester threads in the production of synthetic fabrics. Polyester is very durable and resistant to most chemicals, stretching and shrinking, wrinkle resistant and abrasion resistant. It is also hydrophobic in nature and quick drying. It can be used for insulation by manufacturing hollow fibers.

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