1. What are the two main processes are cytokines involved with for the body, realizing that they are involved with many?
a) Immunity and healing
b) Inflammation and immunity
c) Angiogenesis and inflammation
2. What type of cells not only produce interleukins but use them for intercellular messaging between themselves as well?
a) Red blood cells
b) White blood cells
c) Hemopoietic cells of marrow
3. What is the main function of Interferon cytokines?
a) Antiviral actions
b) Antibacterial actions
c) Anti-parasite actions
Answers
Answer:
Cytokines are a cell-signaling group of low molecular weight extracellular polypeptides/glycoproteins synthesized by different immune cells, mainly, by T cells, neutrophils and macrophages, which are responsible to promote and regulate immune response (i.e. activity, differentiation, proliferation and production of cells and other cytokines). These polypeptides act on signaling molecules and cells, stimulating them toward sites of inflammation, infections, traumas, acting on primary lymphocyte growth factors and other biological functions. Cytokines may act in the site where they are produced (autocrine action), in nearby cells (paracrine action) or in distant cells (endocrine action). In this sense, they are important in the development and regulation of immune system cells. Different types of cytokines had been discovered, including chemokines, interferons (IFN), interleukins (IL), lymphokines and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) [1, 2, 3, 4].
In this chapter, we describe and review different cytokines. They will be categorized according to their type, followed by presentation of their function and a brief scope: IFN (IFN-α, β and γ), IL (IL-1, IL-2 and others), TNF (TNF-α and TNF-β) and others. A brief explanation of different cytokines activities also will be done, comprising pro- and anti-inflammatory action, cellular immune responses and performance in hematopoiesis. Methods to reach these objectives include a literature search in the most relevant sources of information, including PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Web of Science databases.
As key results, this chapter will provide a better understanding on cytokines types and functions, with organized concepts about this subject. As we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the available data regarding cytokines, this chapter will be a valuable source of information for readers who seek a thorough and structured synthesis on this topic.
Answer:
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