1. What problems did the tribal people have with settled plough cultivation?
Answers
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Explanation:
Some took to settled cultivation
Many of the tribal groups began settling down and started cultivation with plough. This means now they did not indulge in shifting cultivation. Finally, they got the right over the land that they were cultivating. In the case of Munda tribe, the land was owned by the whole clan and there were only some instances where someone acquired more power than others. He was referred to as chief who had special rights that he could even rent out his land instead of cultivating himself.
According to Britishers, Santhals and Gonds were more civilized than the hunters and shifting cultivators. Those living in forests were considered wild and cruel.
So now we know that the tribals had different ways of living but what made them against the dikus (Britishers)? Let’s see this.
How did colonial rule affect tribal lives?
The lives of tribal people changed a lot during British rule. How? Let’s have a look at this.
What happened to the tribal chiefs?
Before the arrival of the British in many areas, the tribal chiefs had their own importance. They had some economic powers and control over the territories under them. At some places they had their own policy. During the British rule they lost some of their powers. They were allowed to keep control over village and rent out the lands but they lost their administrative powers and were forced to follow British rules. They were forced to discipline tribal groups as per the Britishers and had to pay tributes to the Britishers. They lost their authority over their men and were not able to execute some of their traditional functions.
After this, came the problem with shifting cultivation.
What happened to the shifting cultivators?
The British were of the view that shifting cultivators should settle down at a fixed place.
They wanted them to work like peasant cultivators as it was easy to control and administer the settled peasants. The British wanted regular inflow of income so they measured the land and fixed the revenue. The rights over the land were defined. Some of the people were declared owners and other the tenants. We have read this earlier.
The British effort to settle jhum cultivators was not very successful for the following reasons:
Plough cultivation was not successful in dry areas where water was scanty.
Some of them faced difficulty with plough cultivation as their fields did not give good yield.
Therefore, jhum cultivators of north east insisted on shifting cultivation. The Britishers, after facing revolt from these jhum cultivators, had to allow them to continue with the practice on some patches of forest land
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