1. What work does Sugana do other than working on the land?
2. Why do farmers need to borrow money?
3. Define-malik, mazdoor, kisan.
4. Write a short note on the new power structure in villages.
5. Chhotu is a landless farmer. He often needs to borrow money. Why?
T 6. Why do you think that there is seasonal unemployment in villages?
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1. What work does Sugana do other than working on the land?
Ans. Sugana was an agricultural labourer in Dumri, Bihar. She used to work on the land of her malik. Apart from working on the land, she used to do other household chores like cooking for her family, washing clothes
and cleaning her house. She used to collect firewood and draw water from the well along with other women of
the village. This is how she had to look after other chores even while working on the land.
2. Why do farmers need to borrow money?
Ans. Small farmers in the villages do not have enough money, so they borrow money from the moneylenders, traders and rich farmers. They borrow money for the following reasons:
1. The farmers need to buy seeds, fertilisers and pesticides to grow their crops .
2. At times, the crops get ruined due to bad monsoons, poor quality of seeds or pest attacks. In order to repay the loan, the farmers borrow again.
3. Farmers borrow money to be able to bear the expenses of any marriage in the family.
3. Define−Malik, mazdoor, Kisan.
Ans. Malik: He/she is the landowner. There are two types of maliks, that is, the absentee landlords, who stay in cities and the residents of the village in which they own their land. They derive their income from the property
rights. They may also give away a small piece of land either for sale or on rent.
Mazdoor: The agricultural labourers or peasants who work on other people's lands are known as mazdoors. They may or may not own any land. They are paid their wages either in cash or in kind.
Kisan: The farmers are also known as kisans. The size of land that a kisan owns is very small. His family members work on the fields. The income of a kisan is very less. Therefore, he/she has to work as agricultural labourer on other people's land.
4. Write a short note on the power structure in villages.
Ans. The rural areas and their working is based on the prevalent power structure. A new power structure has recently emerged in the villages. Based on the classification of the power holders, power structures are divided into following groups:
1. Those who have power based on the ownership and control of land. Therefore, maliks or landowners are the most powerful.
2. Those who have power based on their caste. The people of higher castes enjoy privileges that are denied to people of lower castes.
3. Those who have power based on numerical strength or number.
4. Those who have power because of the position they hold in the Panchayati Raj System.
5. Chhotu is a landless farmer. He often needs to borrow money. Why?
Chhotu, like many other small farmers in the village, needs to borrow money from the money lenders, traders and rich farmers. This is because of the following reasons:
1. He borrows money to buy seeds, fertilisers and pesticides to grow crops.
2. If the crop gets ruined due to pest attacks, bad monsoons or poor quality of seeds, he needs to grow the crop again. So he borrows money and this way, he is liable to pay double debt.
3. He needs money to be able to bear his family expenses.
6.Why do you think that there is seasonal unemployment in villages?
There is seasonal unemployment in villages due to the following reasons:
1. The fishermen cannot go fishing during the monsoon season as the turns real rough. Moreover, this is the breeding time of fishes.
2. The farmers remain unemployed because many crops are seasonal.
3. The crops get destroyed due to bad monsoon. This does not allow the farmer to earn during this season.