1. Who popularised Marathi and Punjabi and how?
2. Urdu is often called a mixed language. Why? How did it evolve?
3. Who were the 'ashtadiggajas'? Name some of them.
4. What is the contribution of the 'three jewels' to Kannada literature?
5. What are the two 'gharanas' of Kathak? Briefly explain the evolution of this dance form,
Answers
1. The poet named Hazrat Peelu was a famous Punjabi poet who lived from 1580 to 1675.He popularised marathi and punjabi through his poems.
2.It was based on the language spoken in the region around Delhi, and it was heavily influenced by Arabic and Persian, as well as Turkish. Urdu shares its origins with Hindi, sometimes referred to as a 'sister' language of Urdu due to the similar grammar base that they share
3.These poets were Allasani Peddana, Nandi Thimmana, Madayyagari Mallana, Dhurjati, Ayyalaraju Ramambhadrudu, Pingali Surana, Ramaraja bhushanudu and Tenali Ramakrishnudu. It literally means elephants in eight directions in reference to the old Hindu belief that eight elephants hold the earth in eight directions.
4.The works of Jain writers Adikavi Pampa, Sri Ponna and Ranna, collectively called the "three gems of Kannada literature", heralded the age of classical Kannada in the 10th century. Pampa, who wrote Adipurana in 941, is regarded as one of the greatest Kannada writers.
5.Kathak is found in three distinct forms, called "gharanas", named after the cities where the Kathak dance tradition evolved – Jaipur, Banaras and Lucknow. While the Jaipur gharana focuses more on the foot movements, the Banaras and Lucknow gharanas focus more on facial expressions and graceful hand movements.
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