Question

1. Why are mitochondria and plastids called semiautonomous ce
2. Define cytoplasm. Write its composition.
3. What are cristae? What role do they play in mitochondria?
4. When do chromosomes appear in a cell? What role do they play in it?
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Answer 1

1. Because they have their own genetic material and are said to be 'semi-autonomous organelles' Chloroplast and mitochondria are called semi-autonomous organelles because they have their own genetic material (DNA) and are capable of synthesizing proteins required for their functioning.

2. The jelly-like fluid that fills a cell is called cytoplasm. It is made up of mostly water and salt. Cytoplasm is present within the cell membrane of all cell types and contains all organelles and cell parts. Cytoplasm has various functions in the cell.

3. The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis takes place on this membrane as part of cellular respiration to create ATP and can be seen in the diagram: The cristae increase the surface area of the inner membrane, allowing for faster production of ATP because there are more places to perform the process.

4. During interphase (1), chromatin is in its least condensed state and appears loosely distributed throughout the nucleus. Chromatin condensation begins during prophase (2) and chromosomes become visible. Chromosomes remain condensed throughout the various stages of mitosis (2-5).

Answer 2

Explanation:

1. Mitochondria and Chloroplast are called semiautonomous cell organelle. Because, they have their own DNA and Ribosomes. Hence, they can synthesize some of their proteins. For other proteins they depend on nucleus
2. Cytoplasm is a thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane. It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins. In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus.
3. Mitochondrial cristae are the folds within the inner mitochondrial membrane. These folds allow for increased surface area in which chemical reactions, such as the redox reactions, can take place.
4. chromosome appear in a cell when cells are ready to divide. the chromatic condenses to form thicker, thread like structure called chromosome. chromosomes are the structures responsible for the inheritance of characters (genes) from one generation to another.