1. Why were people dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s?
2. Who did the Indian National Congress wish to speak for? 3. What economic impact did the First World War have on India?
4. What did the Muslim League resolution of 1940 ask for?
5. Who were the Moderates? How did they propose to struggle against British rule?
6. How was the politics of the Radicals within the Congress different from that of the Moderates?
7. Discuss the various forms that the Non-Cooperation Movement took in different parts of India. How did the people understand Gandhiji?
8. Why did Gandhiji choose to break the salt law?
9. Discuss those developments of the 1937-47 period that led to the creation of Pakistan.
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Answer:
1. The people were dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s due to the following reasons: The British were exercising control over the resources of India and the lives of its people. In 1878, the Arms Act was passed under which Indians were not allowed to possess arms.
2. Indian National Congress wished to speak for all the people of India, irrespective of class, colour, caste, creed, language, or gender. It stated that India, its resources and systems were not of any one class or community of India, but of all the different communities of India.
3. The First World War led to a huge rise in the defence expenditure of the Government of India. The government in turn increased taxes on individual incomes and business profits. Increased military expenditure and the demands for war supplies led to the sharp rise in prices which badly affected the common mass.
4. The Muslim League had moved a resolution in 1940, demanding an independent state for Muslims in Eastern areas of country and for Muslims in the North-Western areas of the country. The resolution of 1940 had no mention of Pakistan or partition.
5. The Congress leaders of this period were known as the moderates. They planned to struggle against British rule in a non-violent manner which the radicals called politics of petitions. They were aware of the power of the British rule in India.
6. The Radicals were opposed to the “politics of prayers” followed by the Moderates within the Congress.They argued that people must rely on their own strength, not on the “good” intentions of the government (as was the stated policy of the Moderates). They believed that people must fight for swaraj
7. The Non-Cooperation Movement remained non-violent at most of the places. The Khilafat-Non-Cooperation Movement gave enormous support in Sind and Bengal. In Punjab, the Akali agitation of the Sikhs demanded to remove the corrupt mahants from gurdwaras.
8. Gandhiji choose to break the salt law because in his view, it was sinful to tax salt since it is such as essential item of our food that is used by the rich or the poor person in the same quantity.
9. The Muslim League had moved a resolution in 1940, demanding an independent state for Muslims in Eastern areas of country and for Muslims in the North-Western areas of the country.
The resolution of 1940 had no mention of Pakistan or partition.
The Muslim League started at the Muslims through the prism of a separate “nation” from the Hindus from the late 1930s.
The history of tensions between Muslims and Hindus in the 1930s and 1920s may have influenced the development of this idea.
The Muslim league was apprehensive that Muslims would play a role of minority in the democratic structure, this was reinforced after the provincial elections of 1937.
Muslim League even had the fear that they would not get any representation.
The proposal of forming a joint Congress League in the United Provinces in 1937 was rejected by the Congress which annoyed the Muslim League.
The Muslim league was able to widen its social support due to the failure of the Congress to mobilise the Muslim masses in the 1930s.
When the Congress leaders were in jail, the Muslim league tried to enlarge its support base in the 1940s.
British opened negotiations between themselves, the League and the Congress for the independence of India at the end of the war in 1945.
As a large number of Muslims still supported Congress, the Congress did not accept the League’s position as the sole spokesperson for Muslims.
When elections to the Provinces were held in 1946, the League won in seats reserved for Muslims, and Congress dominated in General constituencies.
Muslim League kept persisting with its demand for a new nation – Pakistan.
A three-member mission was sent to Delhi in March 1946, to broker a deal, but its proposals were rejected by Muslima League and Congress.
Muslim League went on mass agitation after failure of Cabinet Mission.
Muslim League called for Direct Action Day on 16th August 1946.
This resulted in mass riots in Calcutta which resulted in the deaths of thousands of people, and this violence spread all over Northern India by March 1947.
During partition many women faced brutalities, and hundred thousand people were killed.
Millions of people fled from their homes and made them refugees.
Partition resulted in changing the geography of India, names of many cities were changed and Pakistan came into existence, causing pain and misery to many people.
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