1. With reference to the Harappan Civilisation a. Describe briefly the extent of this civilisation. b. Describe its origin.
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Answer:
a . EXTENT OF THE CIVILISATION:
i.It occupied the largest area amongst the ancient civilisations.
II.The entire area of the civilisation was triangular in shape and accounts for about 1.3 million sq.km.
iii.It extended from Sutkagendor in the West to Alamgir in the east and from Manda(Jammu) in the north to Bhagatrav in Narmada estuary in the south.
iv. It covered parts of Punjab,Haryana,Sindh,Baluchistan, Gujarat,Rajasthan and the fringes of western Uttar Pradesh.
v.The largest sites of the Harappan Civilisation however, are Mohenjo-daro, Harappa,Kalibangan and Lothal.
b. ORIGIN OF THE CIVILISATION :
There are several theories about the origin of the Harappan Civilisation.
I.FOREIGN ORIGIN :
According to some scholars, the Harappan Civilisation was an offshoot of the Mesopotamian Civilisation. However excavations at various Harappan sites have indicated striking differences between the Harappan and Mesopotamian Civilisation.
II. Some scholars also held the view that trade with Mesopotamian played an important role in transformation of the Harappan Civilisation from the early stage to the mature phase.But no evidence of trade with Mesopotamia during the early Harappan period has been found.
2. INDIGENOUS ORIGIN :
According to some historians, the urban Harappan culture was only an outgrowth of the extensive local village cultures and not of foreign Origin. These cultures probably contributed to the growth of the civilisation, together with the external stimulus provided by trade contacts with Mesopotamia.
iii. The Hisorians found some marked similarities between the pre-Harappan and pro-Harappan cultures at Kot D1iji, Amri, Kalibangan in terms of granary, defensive walls and long distance trade in these settlements. So it was concluded that the civilisation evolved from these agricultural communities.
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