Question

1. Write a note oh!
a) Guiseppe Mazzini
b) Count Camillo de Cavour
c) The Greek war of independence
d) Frankfurt parliament
e) The role of women in nationalist struggles​

Answer 1

Answer:

Note on -

i) Guiseppe Mazzini

• Guiseppe Mazzigi was born in Genoa in 1807.

• He is a member of secret society of Carbonari.

• he found 2 secret society - Young italy [Marseilles ] and young europe [Berne]

• In 1831 At the age of 24, He was sent to exile for attempting a revolution in linguria.

• His belief was that "God had intended nations to be the natural unit of mankind.

• Secret societies in set up in germany followed his models.

ii) Count Camillo de cavour

• He was the chief minister of Sardiana piedmont.

• He led the movement to unify italy

• He was niether a revolutiobary nor a democrat.

• With france he create a diplomatic allianve and defeated Austrian force in 1859.

• And free nothern part of italy from Autralian hubsburgs

• As a wealthy member of italian etile, like others he spoke french better than italian.

iii) The greek war of independence

• Greek had been part of otto empire since 15th century.

• The growth of nationalism in europe inspired The revolutionaries in greek.

• It begans in 1821

• Poets and artists plays an important role in creating nationalism and got support from people and stuggle against muslim empire.

• The treaty of constantinople in 1832 recognised greece as an independent nation.

iv) Frankfurt parliament

• France become republic in 1848 but in other parts of europe, independence did not exist yet.

• Men and women combine thier demands for consitution in secret socities.

• In german a political association whose members are from middle classe like artisans , workers, labours , teachers etc came in City of franfurt to vote for all - German Nation assembly

• On 18 may 1848 831 Elected representatives went to frankfurt parliament in church of St. paul.

• They drafted a consitution for german nation.

• Crown was offerd to monarch [ King of prussia, Friedrich wilhelem IV]

• But he opposes the elected assembly.

• With the help of troop the parliament banned.

v) Role of women in nationalism struggle

• Womens had to stuggle a lot to get the right to vote.

• They form their own political association.

• They founded newspapers and takem part in political activities.

• But instead they were denied right to vote during elected assembly.

• In frankfurt parliament , They were just obsevers to stand in visitor's galary.

Answer 2

Question :-

1. Write a Note on:

a) Giuseppe Mazzini

b) Count Camilo de Cavour

c) The Greek War of Independence

d) The Frankfurt Parliament

e) The role of women in nationalist struggles

Answer :-

a) Giuseppe Mazzini: Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary. He was born in Genoa in 1807. He

was a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. At the age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for

attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded underground societies named ‘Young Italy’ in Marseilles

and ‘Young Europe’ in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy

and the German States. He believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.

So, Italy had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations.

b) Count Camilo de Cavour: Cavour was chief minister of Sardinia-Piedmont state who led the movement

to unify the regions of Italy. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. Like many other wealthy and

educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian. He engineered a

careful diplomatic alliance with France, which helped Sardinia-Piedmont defeat the Austrian forces in

1859, and thereby free the northern part of Italy from the Austrian Habsburgs.

c) The Greek War of Independence: Greece was a part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century.

The struggle for independence amongst the Greeks began in 1821. Nationalists in Greece got support

from other Greeks living in exile and also from many Western Europeans sharing sympathies for ancient

Greek culture. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public

opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832

recognised Greece as an independent nation.

d) The Frankfurt Parliament: It was an all-German National Assembly formed by a large number of

political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous

artisans. Its first meeting was convened on 18 May 1848 in the Church of St. Paul at Frankfurt. They

drafted a constitution for the German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. The

king of Prussia rejected the crown offered by the deputies of parliament and joined other monarchs to

oppose the elected assembly. As it was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the demands of

workers and artisans and consequently lost their support. In the end, troops were called in and the

assembly was forced to disband.

e) The role of women in nationalist struggles: The issue of extending political rights to women was a

controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively

over the years. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part

in political meetings and demonstrations. Despite this, they were denied suffrage during the election of

the Assembly. When the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul, women were admitted

only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.

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