1. Write a note on:
a) Guiseppe Mazzini
b) Count Camillo de Cavour
c) The Greek war of independence
d) Frankfurt parliament
Answers
Answer:
Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian politician, journalist, activist for the unification of Italy and spearhead .
Explanation:
Born: 22 June 1805, Genoa, Italy
Died: 10 March 1872, Pisa, Italy
Nationality: Italian
2.Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso, Count of Cavour, Isolabella and Leri, generally known as Cavour, was an Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification
Born: 10 August 1810, Turin, Italy
Died: 6 June 1861, Turin, Italy
Full name: Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso
Nationality: Italian
Explanation:
(a) Guiseppe Mazzini
Giuseppe Mazzini He was an Italian revolutionary, who was born in Genoa in 1807. He was sent into exile at the age of 24 in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded two secret societies, namely Young Italy and Young Europe. He inspired the young members of these societies to involve in revolutionary activities.
Following his ideas and on the model of his secret societies, more such societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Austrian Chancellor Duke Matternich once described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.
(b) Count Camillo de Cavour
He was the Chief Minister of Piedmont. He was neither a democratic nor a revolutionary. But he led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. Through tact and diplomacy, he entered into an alliance with France and succeeded in defeating Austrian forces in 1859.
(c) The Greek war of independence
It was a 16 successful war waged by Greek revolutionaries between 1821 to 1832 against the Ottoman Empire. Greek nationalists were influenced by the idea of liberal nationalism. They were supported by the West European countries in this war of independence. Further, the poets and artists, who added romanticism to the Greek struggle of independence, participated in this war against the Ottoman empire With the Treaty of Constantinople in July 1832.
(d) Frankfurt parliament
Frankfurt Parliament The German middle class decided to vote for an all German National Assembly in 1848 and 831 .persons were elected.
They comprised the National Assembly.
The assembly decided to organise the Parliament at Frankfurt in the Church of St Paul. Thus, on 18th May, 1848, the famous Frankfurt Parliament was convened.
The assembly decided that the German nation would be a constitutional monarchy controlled by Parliament and offered the crown to the Prussian King, Friedrich Wilhelm IV. But he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly. The Parliament also faced strong opposition from the aristocracy and military as it was dominated by the middle-class who resisted the demands of workers and artisans. As result of this, the middle-class lost their mass support.
Ultimately, the monarchy and military combined together with the aristocracy and won over’the liberal nationalist middle-class.
This forced the assembly to disband. Therefore, the Frankfurt Parliament is famous in history as a failure of liberalism and a victory of the monarchy.