Question

1. Write a note on: a) Guiseppe Mazzini b) Count Camillo de Cavour c) The Greek war of independence d) Frankfurt parliament e) The role of women in nationalist struggles

​

Answer 1

( a) Guiseppe Mazzini -:

• Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary.

• He wanted to unify Italy into a single unified Republic.

• Following his model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.

• Mazzini's relentless opposition to monarchy, and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives.

(b) Count Camillo de Cavour :-

• Cavour became the Chiej Minister of Piedmont in 1852. His main aim was to Effect the emancipation of Italy from Austria. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. But.2. he is known as the real maker of Italy'. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France, he succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.

(c) The Greek war of independence:-

• Greece had been a part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.

• The growth of revolutionary nationalism C.4. in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821.

• Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans, who had sympathies for the ancient Greek culture.

• Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilization, and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire.

• The English poet, Lord Byron organised funds, and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824.

• Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

(d) Frankfurt Parliament:-

• It is the name of the German National Assembly founded during the Revolution of 1848 that tried to unite Germany in a democratic way. Thee assembly was attended by 831 deputies. The members had drafted the constitution for a new German nation. The new constitution as was rejected by Friedrich Wilhelm IV, the King of Prussia. Though the Frankfurt Parliament failed to unite Germany, it had far-reaching consequences on Germany.

(e) The role of women in nationalist struggles:-

• A large number of women participated in the movement for the unification of Germany. They had formed their own political associations, started newspapers and taken part in political meetings, and demonstrations. Universal male suffrage was adopted in the country, and the women were hoping for the voting right. But when the Frankfurt Parliament was convened in the church of St. Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitor's gallery.

________________

●Hope it helps you

Answer 2

Question :-

1. Write a Note on:

a) Giuseppe Mazzini

b) Count Camilo de Cavour

c) The Greek War of Independence

d) The Frankfurt Parliament

e) The role of women in nationalist struggles

Answer :-

a) Giuseppe Mazzini: Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary. He was born in Genoa in 1807. He

was a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. At the age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for

attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded underground societies named ‘Young Italy’ in Marseilles

and ‘Young Europe’ in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy

and the German States. He believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.

So, Italy had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations.

b) Count Camilo de Cavour: Cavour was chief minister of Sardinia-Piedmont state who led the movement

to unify the regions of Italy. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. Like many other wealthy and

educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian. He engineered a

careful diplomatic alliance with France, which helped Sardinia-Piedmont defeat the Austrian forces in

1859, and thereby free the northern part of Italy from the Austrian Habsburgs.

c) The Greek War of Independence: Greece was a part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century.

The struggle for independence amongst the Greeks began in 1821. Nationalists in Greece got support

from other Greeks living in exile and also from many Western Europeans sharing sympathies for ancient

Greek culture. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public

opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832

recognised Greece as an independent nation.

d) The Frankfurt Parliament: It was an all-German National Assembly formed by a large number of

political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous

artisans. Its first meeting was convened on 18 May 1848 in the Church of St. Paul at Frankfurt. They

drafted a constitution for the German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. The

king of Prussia rejected the crown offered by the deputies of parliament and joined other monarchs to

oppose the elected assembly. As it was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the demands of

workers and artisans and consequently lost their support. In the end, troops were called in and the

assembly was forced to disband.

e) The role of women in nationalist struggles: The issue of extending political rights to women was a

controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively

over the years. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part

in political meetings and demonstrations. Despite this, they were denied suffrage during the election of

the Assembly. When the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul, women were admitted

only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.

Here's your answer ❤

Hope it helps ❤