10 days after the introduction of diphtheria serum, child developed a rash on the skin, which was accompanied by severe itching, fever up to 38°C, joint pain. What complication arose
* contact dermatitis
* delayed type hypersensitivity
* serum sickness
* anaphylactic reactions
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Answers
Answer:
Hypersensitivity reactions occur when the normally protective immune system responds abnormally, potentially harming the body. Various autoimmune disorders as well as allergies fall under the umbrella of hypersensitivity reactions, the difference being that allergies are immune reactions to exogenous substances (antigens or allergens), whereas autoimmune diseases arise from an abnormal immune response to endogenous substances (autoantigens). A symptomatic reaction only occurs in sensitized individuals, i.e., they must have had at least one prior asymptomatic contact with the offending antigen. Hypersensitivity reactions are commonly classified into four types. Type I hypersensitivity reactions are immediate allergic reactions (e.g., food and pollen allergies, asthma, anaphylaxis). Type II hypersensitivity reactions are referred to as cytotoxic, as they involve antibodies that are specific to particular tissues within the body and cause destruction of cells in these tissues (e.g., autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Goodpasture syndrome). Type III hypersensitivity reactions are immune complex-mediated, with tissue damage caused by antigen-antibody complex deposition (e.g., many vasculitides and glomerulonephritides). Type IV hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., TB skin tests, contact dermatitis) are delayed and cell-mediated and are the only hypersensitivity reaction that involves sensitized T lymphocytes rather than antibodies. Unlike true hypersensitivity reactions, which occur after sensitization, nonallergic hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., pseudoallergies) cause mast cell activation and histamine release after initial exposure to a trigger substance (e.g., radiocontrast media).
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