Question

10. ग्यारहवीं शताब्दी में फ़ारसी साहित्य जीवन 1point
का केंद्र :-
Centre of Persian Literary life in 11th
Century :-
O गज़नी (Ghazni)
समरकंद (Samarkand)
O बुखारा (Bukhara)
O बग़दाद (Baghdad)​

Answer 1

Answer:

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Answer 2

Persian was the primary language used in Muslim civilization to interrupt Arabic’s monopoly on writing.

Explanation:-

• Persian literature, the body of writings in New Persian, the form of the Persian language written since the 9th century with a rather extended kind of the Arabic alphabet and with many Arabic loanwords.

• The New Persian is understood as Farsī in Iran, where it's the country’s official language, and as Darī in Afghanistan (where it and Pashto are official languages); it's written with a Cyrillic alphabet by Tajiks in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
• New Persian has also been a prestigious cultural language in western Central Asia, on the Indian subcontinent, and in Turkey For centuries.
• In the 11th century, Ghazna was the foremost important center of Persian literature.
• This was the result of the cultural policy of the sultan Maḥmūd (reigned 998–1030), who assembled a circle of students, philosophers, and poets around his throne in support of his claim to royal status in Iran.
• The leading poet was ʿUnṣurī, whom the sultan appointed as his “lord of the poets” with the authority to check the skills of any poet seeking to be admitted to the sultan’s court.

• ʿUnsurī’s qasīdehs were highly appreciated for his or her rhetorical virtuosity.
• He also wrote romantic poems in Masnawi form, which are almost completely lost now, aside from some fragments from the romance of Vāmeq and ʿAzraʾ (Arabic: Wāmiq and ʿAdhrāʾ), an adaptation of an extended Greek narrative of the Hellenistic period.
• Other renowned poets of Mahmūd’s circle were Farrukhī, who excelled in attractive nasībs to his poems of praise, and Manūchihrī, a specialist in long stanzaic poems.
• The Ghaznavid's poets appreciated in their panegyrics the raids of the sultan’s army into the Indian subcontinent.

• These campaigns resulted in a permanent conquest of the Punjab, where Lahore (now in Pakistan) became the residence of a Ghaznavid prince because of the viceroy of Hindustan.
• In the last half of the 11th century, a practice of court poetry was established in Lahore.
• The major representative was Masʿūd Saʿd Salmān.