10) What is EVMO Write it's implication's in our
present eleitoral system?
Answer me fast plzzz....
Answers
Answer:
An electoral system or voting system is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined. Political electoral systems are organized by governments, while non-political elections may take place in business, non-profit organisations and informal organisations. These rules govern all aspects of the voting process: when elections occur, who is allowed to vote, who can stand as a candidate, how ballots are marked and cast, how the ballots are counted, how votes translate into the election outcome, limits on campaign spending, and other factors that can affect the result.
The ECMO machine replaces the function of the heart and lungs.
People who need support from an ECMO machine are cared for in a
hospital’s intensive care unit (ICU). Typically, people are supported
by an ECMO machine for only a few hours to days, but may require
it for a few weeks, depending on how their condition progresses.
There are many overlaps and differences between the use of ECMO
in children and adults. For a focus on Pediatric ECMO, please refer
to the Medline Plus resource listed at the end, in addition to this
fact sheet.
Why is ECMO used?
ECMO is used to help people whose:
■ Lungs cannot provide enough oxygen to the body even when
given extra oxygen
■ Lungs cannot get rid of carbon dioxide even with help from a
mechanical ventilator
■ Heart cannot pump enough blood to the body
ECMO may also be used to support people with heart or lung
disease that cannot be cured while they wait for an organ
transplant (e.g. new heart and/or lungs).
How does an ECMO machine work?
The ECMO machine is connected to a patient through plastic tubes
(cannula). The tubes are placed in large veins and arteries in the
legs, neck or chest. The procedure by which a healthcare provider
places these tubes in a patient is called cannulation.
The ECMO machine pumps blood from the patient’s body to an
artificial lung (oxygenator) that adds oxygen to it and removes
carbon dioxide. Thus, it replaces the function of the person’s own
lungs. The ECMO machine then sends the blood back to the patient
via a pump with the same force as the heart, replacing its function.
The ECMO machine is controlled by a person called a perfusionist,
or a nurse or respiratory therapist with advanced training called an
ECMO specialist. The perfusionist or ECMO specialist will adjust
the settings on the machine to give the patient the amount of
heart and lung support they need.
How is a patient on an ECMO machine monitored?
Anyone who is connected to an ECMO machine in the ICU is also
connected to monitors. These monitors measure heart rate, blood
pressure, and oxygen levels. Patients on ECMO need their blood
tested very often to measure the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.
These tests are called blood gases. Patients on ECMO are also given
a medication to thin the blood so it does not clot. Thus, the blood is
tested frequently to make sure it is thin enough. All of these results
are used to see how well the ECMO machine is helping the patient,
and to make changes if needed.
How long is an ECMO machine used?
An ECMO machine can help save a person’s life, but it does not
treat the disease or injury that led to the heart and lung failure.
An ECMO machine simply provides support for a person while
the healthcare team works on treating the underlying disease
or injury (such as an infection) or until organs for transplant
become available. Healthcare providers will always try to help
people get off the ECMO machine as soon as possible. Some
diseases or injuries can be treated quickly, and patients only
need the ECMO machine for a few hours. Other conditions may
take longer to get better, in which case the patient may need
the ECMO machine for several days to weeks. Unfortunately,
some people do not improve enough to be taken off the ECMO
machine. ECMO does not save everyone but it has improved
survival for many critically ill people who are not responding to
usual life support options.
How does it feel to be on ECMO?
When a person is first being connected to an ECMO machine, he
or she is sedated and does not feel the tubes going into their veins
and arteries. A person on ECMO is usually already connected to
a breathing machine (ventilator) through a tube (endotracheal or
ET tube) that is placed in the mouth or nose and down into the
windpipe. (For more information, see Mechanical
Once connected to an ECMO machine, the cannulae are
not painful. People who are on an ECMO machine may be
given medicines (sedatives or pain controllers) to keep them
comfortable. These medicines may also make them sleepy. Some
people are awake and can talk and interact with people while on an
ECMO machine. In some cases, patients can exercise to help build
up their strength while they are on an ECMO machine. However,
some movements can cause the ECMO tubes to get kinked, so
patients need to be assisted and carefully supervised when they
are moving