Question

16. Define destructive distillation.
17. How is sugar charcoal prepared ?
18. Why is carbon black used in tyres ?
19. Explain charcoal cavity test.
20. How will you prove that powdered charcoal act as a reducing agent ?
21. What is activated charcoal ?157
22. Draw and explain the structure of :
(1) diamond
(ii) graphite .
23. Write a short note on fullerenes.
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Answer 1

Answer:

16)Destructive distillation is a chemical process in which decomposition of unprocessed material is achieved by heating it to a high temperature; the term generally applies to processing of organic material in the absence of air or in the presence of limited amounts of oxygen or other reagents, catalysts, or solvents, ...

17)Sugar charcoal is formed by the destructive distillation of cane sugar. It is also prepared by the dehydration of sugar in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4). Since sulphuric acid is a dehydrating agent, it absorbs water from the sugar and leaves behind black residue of carbon.

18)One way carbon black expands the lifespan of tyres is by conducting heat away from parts of the tyre that tend to get particularly hot when driving, such as the tread and belt areas. Carbon maintains the quality of tyres by protecting them from UV light and ozone, which are known to deteriorate tyres.

19)This test is based on the fact that metallic carbonates when heated in a charcoal cavity decompose to give corresponding oxides. The oxides appears as coloured incrustation or residue in the cavity. In certain cases, the oxides formed producing beads or seales.

20)This means that the reactivity of the charcoals decreases with increasing carbonization temperature, which makes the charcoal more similar to petroleum coke and therefore better suitable as a reducing agent in metallurgical processes.

21)Making activated charcoal involves heating carbon-rich materials, such as wood, peat, coconut shells, or sawdust, to very high temperatures. This 'activation' process strips the charcoal of previously absorbed molecules and frees up bonding sites again.

22)Both diamond and graphite are made entirely out of carbon, as is the more recently discovered buckminsterfullerene (a discrete soccer-ball-shaped molecule containing carbon 60 atoms). The way the carbon atoms are arranged in space, however, is different for the three materials, making them allotropes of carbon.

23)A fullerene is an allotrope of carbon whose molecule consists of carbon atoms connected by single and double bonds so as to form a closed or partially closed mesh, with fused rings of five to seven atoms. The molecule may be a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube, or many other shapes and sizes.

Explanation:

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Answer 2

I will give my answer in the comments don't worry