16 x^4 - 45 x^2 y^2 + 81 y^4
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First you have to express the highest powers of x and y as squares.
16x^4 = (4x^2)^2 and 81y^4 = (9y^2)^2. Then try squaring
(4x^2 + 9y^2)^2 = 16x^4 + 81y^4 + 2 * 4x^2 * 9y^2 = 16x^4 + 81y^4 + 72 x^2y^2.
The first two terms are OK (by our construction) but the last term is too big. You have to subtract 36x^2y^2 to get the original expression. So the best you can do is
(4x^2 + 9y^2)^2 - 36x^2y^2. This can also be written as
(4x^2 + 9y^2 - 6xy) * (4x^2 + 9y^2 + 6xy).
You can complete the squares in each of the terms in parentheses. Please do it yourself.
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6
❥16x^4-72x^2y^2+81y^4
❥(4x^2-9y^2)^2. by (a-b)^2=a^2+b^2-2ab
❥{(2x+3y)(2x-3y)}^2. by (a+b)(a-b)=a^2-b^2
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