18. What policy did Europeans pursue with respect to the Manchu Empire?
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The Qing dynasty, also known as the Qing Empire, officially the Great Qing(English: /tʃɪŋ/), was the last imperial dynastyof China, established in 1636 and ruling China from 1644 to 1912. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state. It was the fourth largest empire in world history.
Great Qing大清
ᡩᠠᡳ᠌ᠴᡳᠩ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ1636–1912


Top: Flag (1862–1889)
Bottom: Flag (1889–1912)

Imperial Seal
Great Qing大清
ᡩᠠᡳ᠌ᠴᡳᠩ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ1636–1912


Top: Flag (1862–1889)
Bottom: Flag (1889–1912)

Imperial Seal
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