19वीं शताब्दी के अनुबंध व्यवस्था (नयी दास प्रथा ) ने एक नई संस्कृति को जन्म दिया । कैसे ?
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The history of slavery spans many cultures, nationalities, and religions from ancient times to the present day. However the social, economic, and legal positions of slaves have differed vastly in different systems of slavery in different times and places.[1]
Slavery occurs relatively rarely among hunter-gatherer populations[2] because it develops under conditions of social stratification.[3] Slavery operated in the very first civilizations (such as Sumer in Mesopotamia,[4] which dates back as far as 3500 BCE). Slavery features in the Mesopotamian Code of Hammurabi (c. 1860 BCE), which refers to it as an established institution.[5] Slavery became common within much of Europe during the Early Middle Ages and it continued into the following centuries. The Byzantine–Ottoman wars (1265–1479) and the Ottoman wars in Europe (14th to 20th centuries) resulted in the capture of large numbers of Christian slaves. The Dutch, French, Spanish, Portuguese, British, Arabs and a number of West African kingdoms played a prominent role in the Atlantic slave trade, especially after 1600. The Republic of Ragusa became the first European country to ban the slave trade in 1416. In modern times Denmark-Norway abolished the trade in 1802.
Although slavery is no longer legal anywhere in the world (with the exception of penal labour),[6] human trafficking remains an international problem and an estimated 25-40 million people were enslaved as of 2013, the majority in Asia.[7] During the 1983–2005 Second Sudanese Civil War people were taken into slavery.[8] Evidence emerged in the late 1990s of systematic child-slavery and -trafficking on cacao plantations in West Africa.[9] Slavery continues into the 21st century. Although Mauritania criminalized slavery in August 2007,[10] an estimated up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population of Mauritania, are currently enslaved, many of them used as bonded labor.[11] Slavery in the 21st century continues, even in countries like the United States and the United Kingdom, with India being the number one with an estimate of 8 million slaves, followed by China and Russia.[12][13][14][15][16]Islamist quasi-states such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and Boko Haram have abducted and enslaved women and children (often to serve as sex slaves).
उन्नीसवीं सदी की गुलामी प्रणाली:
गुलामी का इतिहास प्राचीन काल से लेकर आज तक कई संस्कृतियों, राष्ट्रीयताओं और धर्मों तक फैला हुआ है। हालाँकि, दासों की सामाजिक, आर्थिक और कानूनी स्थिति अलग-अलग समय और स्थानों पर दासता की विभिन्न प्रणालियों में बहुत भिन्न है।
19 वीं शताब्दी में कम से कम आधी आबादी को कैमरून के डुला, इग्बो और निचले नाइजर, कोंगू, और कासेंज राज्य और अंगोला के चोकवे के बीच रखा गया था। अशांति और योरूबा के बीच, एक तिहाई आबादी में दास शामिल थे। कनिम की आबादी लगभग एक तिहाई गुलाम थी। बोर्नु (1396-1893) में शायद यह 40% था। 1750 और 1900 के बीच फुलानी जिहाद राज्यों की पूरी आबादी के एक से दो-तिहाई लोगों में दास शामिल थे। उत्तरी नाइजीरिया और कैमरून में हौसस द्वारा गठित सोकोतो खलीफा की आबादी 19 वीं सदी में आधी थी। ऐसा अनुमान है कि अरब-स्वाहिली ज़ांज़ीबार की 90% आबादी ग़ुलाम थी। मेडागास्कर की लगभग आधी आबादी ग़ुलाम थी।