2. Explain the following concepts.
(1) Dialectics
(2) Annales School
3. Explain the following with its reason.
(1) Historical research was driven to focus
in depth on various aspects of women's
life.
(2) Foucault called his method. "the
archaeology of knowledge
4. Answer the following in 25-30 words.
(2) What did
René Descartes
insisted upon?
Answers
Dialectic or dialectics, also known as the dialectical method, is at base a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments.
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Answer:
1)Dialectics
ANS: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel came up with the concept known as Dialectics. This concept explains that to understand the true meaning of the event with regard to two direct opposites such as right-wrong, true false; one must understand both the opposites like both right and wrong. The process to understand and interpret both the opposites is known as Dialectics.
2)Annales School
ANS :
- New direction to history writing
New direction to history writing- It arose in France was started by French Historians.
New direction to history writing- It arose in France was started by French Historians.- It was reorganised that, history is not only about the political events, kings, great leaders and accordingly politics,diplomacy and wars but also about the climate, local people,agriculture, trade, technology, means of communication, social division and their collective psychology etc.
3
1)Historical research was driven to focus in depth on various aspects of women's life.
Ans.
(1) Initially, there was a lot of dominance of male perspective on historical writing. Simone de Beauvoir, a French scholar, insisted on inclusion of women perspective in historiography.
1) Initially, there was a lot of dominance of male perspective on historical writing. Simone de Beauvoir, a French scholar, insisted on inclusion of women perspective in historiography.(2) She emphasised on the inclusion of women in the process of writing history and on rethinking of the male dominated perspective of history.
1) Initially, there was a lot of dominance of male perspective on historical writing. Simone de Beauvoir, a French scholar, insisted on inclusion of women perspective in historiography.(2) She emphasised on the inclusion of women in the process of writing history and on rethinking of the male dominated perspective of history.(3) Because of her efforts historical research was driven to focus in depth on various aspects of women's lives their employment, their role in trade unions, institution working for their cause, and their family life.
2)Foucault called his method, the Archaeology of Knowledge
Ans:
i. In the twentieth century, Michel Foucault, a French historian, brought forth a new concept in historiography
i. In the twentieth century, Michel Foucault, a French historian, brought forth a new concept in historiographyii. He rejected the practice of arranging historical events in a chronological order. He explained that archaeology does not intend to reach the ultimate historical truth but attempts to explain various transitions in the past.
i. In the twentieth century, Michel Foucault, a French historian, brought forth a new concept in historiographyii. He rejected the practice of arranging historical events in a chronological order. He explained that archaeology does not intend to reach the ultimate historical truth but attempts to explain various transitions in the past.Hence, Foucault called his method, which gave importance to explain the transitions in history, as 'the Archaeology of Knowledge'.
3)What did René Descartes insisted upon?
Ans:
Ans:i. René Descartes insisted on critically examining the historical documents to verify their reliability.
ii. He wrote a book, Discourse on the Method'. iii. In this book he mentioned, "Never to accept anything for true till all grounds of doubt are excluded." This was one of the rules laid by him. iv. This rule had a great impact on the scientific method of research.
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