2. List the causes of non-infectious diseases with two examples of each.
Answers
Answer:
Noninfectious diseases include all diseases that are not caused by pathogens. Instead, noninfectious diseases are generally caused by genetic or environmental factors other than pathogens, such as toxic environmental exposures or unhealthy lifestyle choices.
The person pictured in Figure 21.6.1 is obese. He has a lot of extra fat in his abdomen, giving him an apple shape. This type of fat distribution is called abdominal, or central, obesity. It is one of several indicators that are used to diagnose a condition called metabolic syndrome. Other indicators of metabolic syndrome include high blood pressure, high blood levels of glucose and triglycerides, and low blood levels of HDL (“good cholesterol”). Metabolic syndrome, in turn, is a major risk factor for many noninfectious disease killers.
Introduction to Noninfectious Diseases
Noninfectious diseases include all diseases that are not caused by pathogens. Instead, noninfectious diseases are generally caused by genetic or environmental factors other than pathogens, such as toxic environmental exposures or unhealthy lifestyle choices. Most noninfectious diseases have a complex, multifactorial set of causes, often including a mix of genetic and environmental variables. Examples of noninfectious diseases include cystic fibrosis, most cancers, cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease, and diabetes mellitus.
While many noninfectious diseases are long-lasting, or chronic, diseases, their chronicity is not a defining factor because some infectious diseases, such as AIDS, are also chronic diseases. In addition, some noninfectious diseases are short-term, or acute, diseases because they generally result in rapid death. Some types of cancer and heart disease are examples of noninfectious diseases that may be acute for this reason.
Noninfectious diseases have also been called diseases of affluence or lifestyle diseases because they are often caused by unhealthy lifestyle choices and first became prevalent in the richer nations of the world, while infectious diseases remained at relatively high levels in the poorer nations. Globally, noninfectious diseases are the leading causes of death. Although infectious diseases still cause more deaths in low-income countries, rates of death from noninfectious diseases are expected to rise in these countries as well. By 2030, noninfectious diseases are expected to kill more than 50 million people a year worldwide, and most of these deaths will occur not in high-income nations but in low- and middle-income countries. National economies around the world will also suffer significant losses because of the growing noninfectious disease burden, as noninfectious diseases cause a great deal of worker disability and premature death.
Risk Factors for Noninfectious Diseases
Many of the same risk factors increase a person’s chances of developing a diversity of noninfectious diseases. These common risk factors include age, gender, genes, and exposure to environmental dangers such as radon. Behaviors such as smoking, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity are also common environmental risk factors for many noninfectious diseases. These behaviors all contribute to obesity, high blood pressure, unbalanced blood lipid levels, and high blood glucose levels — in other words, to metabolic syndrome. This syndrome, in turn, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. One of the single most important behavioral factors contributing to metabolic syndrome is the consumption of large amounts of sweetened beverages such as soft drinks.
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