2. वर्तमान पंजाब की भूगोलीय स्थिति व पड़ोस के विषय में लिखें।
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वर्तमान पंजाब- अंग्रेज़ों की कुटिल नीति ने पाकिस्तान बना कर पंजाब को आधा कर डाला। उसके बाद स्वतंत्र भारत में भी पंजाब से हरियाणा और हिमाचल प्रदेश बन गए। अतः पंजाब सिमट कर रह गया। लेकिन आज पंजाब प्रगति के क्षेत्र में निरन्तर आगे बढ़ता जा रहा है। पंजाब में ही बसा शहर चण्डीगढ़ तो विश्व के श्रेष्ठ नगरों में एक प्रसिद्ध नगर है। यहां का रॉक गार्डन भी विख्यात है। चण्डीगढ़ में रॉक-गार्डन, रोज़ गार्डन, अजायब घर, सुखना झील, विश्वविद्यालय प्रमुख आकर्षण है।
भाखड़ा बाँध सतलुज नदी पर बना हुआ है जो पंजाब की धरती को हरा भरा रखता है तथा शहरों और गांवों को प्रकाश देता है। पंजाब के दर्शनीय स्थलों में अमृतसर में जलियांवाला बाग, स्वर्ण मन्दिर, दुग्र्याणा मन्दिर, जालन्धर में देवी तालाब मन्दिर, भटिण्डा में बाबा हाजी का मकबरा, पटियाला में बारादरी महल तथा गुरुद्वारा दुःख निवारण साहिब, व्यास में डेरा राधा स्वामी, बटाला में वीर हकीकत राय स्मारक तथा सती पौरा, सरहिन्द को मस्जिदें, मंजी साहब, दमदमा साहब, आदि प्रमुख ऐतिहासिक एवं धार्मिक महत्त्व के स्थल एवं भवन हैं।
उद्योग धन्धों में आज का पंजाब अब पिछड़ा हुआ नहीं है। लुधियाना शहर तो साइकिल और हौजरी उद्योग के लिए विश्व में प्रसिद्ध है। जालन्धर में खेल का सामान तथा पाइप फिटिंग्स का सामान बनता है। अमृतसर, धारीवाल तथा फगवाड़ा में वस्त्र उद्योग उल्लेखनीय है। इसी प्रकार बटाला, चण्डीगढ़ और अन्य शहरों में अनेकों कल-कारखाने हैं। जहाँ अनेक प्रकार के औजार, मशीनें तथा कल पुजें बनाए जाते हैं।
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Punjab (/pʌnˈdʒɑːb/ (About this soundlisten), Punjabi: [pənˈdʒaːb]) is a state in northern India. Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, the state is bordered by the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir to the north, and the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the east, Haryana to the south and southeast, and Rajasthan to the southwest. It is bordered by the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west. The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres, 1.53% of India's total geographical area. It is the 20th-largest Indian state by area. With 27,704,236 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Punjab is the 16th-largest state by population, comprising 22 districts. Punjabi is the most widely spoken and official language of the state. The main ethnic group are the Punjabis, with Sikhs (57.7%) and Hindus (38.5%) as the dominant religious groups. The state capital is Chandigarh, a Union Territory and also the capital of the neighbouring state of Haryana. The five tributary rivers of the Indus River from which the region took its name are Sutlej, Ravi, Beas, Chenab and Jhelum Rivers; Sutlej, Ravi and Beas are part of the Indian Punjab.
The history of Punjab has witnessed the migration and settlement of innumerable races, forming a melting pot of Punjabi civilisation. The first traces of human habitation in India were found in the Punjab region.[7] The Indus Valley Civilization flourished in antiquity before recorded history until their decline around 1900 BCE. The Punjab has had numerous recorded invasions, starting with the Vedic tribes. Punjab was enriched during the height of the Vedic period, but declined in predominance with the rise of the Mahajanapadas. The region formed the frontier of initial empires during antiquity including the Achaemenid, Alexander's, Seleucid, and Maurya Empires. After the fall of the Maurya Empire, the region was splintered into multiple kingdoms and republics. Punjab was subsequently conquered by the Kushan Empire, Gupta Empire, and then Harsha's Empire. Punjab continued to be settled by nomadic people; including the Huna, Turkic and the Mongols. Circa 1000, the Punjab was ruled by Muslims and was part of the Delhi Sultanate, Mughal Empire, and Durrani Empire. Sikhism originated in Punjab and resulted in the formation of the Sikh Confederacy after the fall of the Mughal Empire and ensuing conflict with the Durrani Empire. This confederacy was united into the Sikh Empire by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Greater Punjab region was annexed by the British East India Company from the Sikh Empire in 1849. In 1947, the Punjab Province of British India was divided along religious lines into West Punjab and East Punjab. The western part was assimilated into Pakistan while the east became part of India. The Indian Punjab as well as PEPSU was divided into three parts on the basis of language in 1966. Hindi speaking areas (including various dialects) were carved out as Haryana, while the hilly regions and Pahari-speaking areas formed Himachal Pradesh, alongside the current state of Punjab. Today, Punjab's government has three branches – executive, judiciary and legislative. Punjab follows the parliamentary system of government with the Chief Minister, currently Captain Amarinder Singh, as the head of government. The Governor of Punjab, currently V.P. Singh Badnore, is a mostly ceremonial head of state appointed by the President of India.
The economy of Punjab is the 14th-largest state economy in India with ₹5.18 lakh crore (US$73 billion) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹153,000 (US$2,100).[2][3] Punjab has the ninth highest ranking among Indian states and union territories in human development index as of 2018.[4] Punjab is primarily agriculture-based due to the presence of abundant water sources and fertile soils.[8] Other major industries include the manufacturing of scientific instruments, agricultural goods, electrical goods, financial services, machine tools, textiles, sewing machines, sports goods, starch, tourism, fertilisers, bicycles, garments, and the processing of pine oil and sugar. Minerals and energy resources also contribute to Punjab's economy to a much lesser extent. Punjab has the largest number of steel rolling mill plants in India, which are in "Steel Town"—Mandi Gobindgarh in the Fatehgarh Sahib district.
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