2.Why was the subsistence crisis caused in France
Answers
Answer:
Subsistence crisis means an extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are endangered. During the Old Regime, subsistence crisis frequently occurred in France. The reasons that led to subsistence crisis are (i) The population of France rose from about 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789 which led to a rapid increase in the demand for food grains. (ii) Production of grains could not keep pace with the increasing demand. So, the price of the foodstuff which made from grains rose rapidly. (iii) Most workers were employed as labourers on fixed wages. Their wages could not keep pace with the rise in prices. (iv) Gap between the poor and the rich widened. Poor remained poor, but the rich became richer. (v) The crisis of food grains became worse whenever drought or hail reduced the harvest.
Answer:
Subsistence crisis can be defined as an extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are endangered. In France, due to the rapid expansion of the population from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789, a subsistence crisis occurred. A subsistence crisis is a crisis caused by economic factors (generally high food prices), and which in turn may be caused by either natural or man-made factors,[1] which threatens the food supplies and the survival prospects of large numbers of people (it is considered famine if it is extremely severe and large numbers of lives are lost). A subsistence crisis can be considered genuine if it is visible in demographic data.
It was in France that the notion of a subsistence crisis was first formulated by Meuvret in 1946, and greatly popularized by Goubert in 1960 through his influential study of the Beauvaisis in Beauvais.[2] The theory of subsistence crises, in its contemporary guise, was first formulated by Meuvret in 1946. As an economic historian and specialist in price history Meuvret was struck by the coincidence between high prices and the increase in the number of deaths in the region of Gien in 1709–10. He then posed the problem of the nature of demographic crises, very tentatively at first, since he thought it was a hopeless quest to try to distinguish statistically between phenomena that were so closely associated: namely, mortality through simple inanition (starvation); mortality caused by disease, though attributable to malnutrition; and mortality by contagion, which in turn was linked to the scarcity that helped both spawn diseases and spread them through the migration of poor beggars.[2]