2. Write the procedure of germplasm conservation and utilization
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Answer:
Germplasm conservation is the most successful method to conserve the genetic traits of endangered and commercially valuable species. Germplasm is a live information source for all the genes present in the respective plant, which can be conserved for long periods and regenerated whenever it is required in the future. Different plants’ genetic diversity is also preserved and this in turn creates a pool of different genes that acts as resource house (gene bank/library) for new or unidentified species [139]. This gene bank also assists the in vitro testing of germplasms for their genetic alterations (transgene) and to screen the elite germplasms among them. Genetic variation leads to the loss of genetic information of earlier generations, which makes germplasm conservation an important aspect to preserve this information regarding endangered, primitive, or even any existing species. The International Board of Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) is a global organization that has been recognized for germplasm conservation and provides essential support for collection, conservation, and utilization of plant genetic resources throughout the world [139]. Germplasm conservation includes:
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Breeding lines
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Cultivated species
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Commercial varieties
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Special genetic stocks
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Landraces
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Wild species (for direct use (crop species) and indirect use (as root stocks
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